Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec

Coordinates: 47°23′N 61°52′W / 47.383°N 61.867°W / 47.383; -61.867
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine
(Magdalen Island)
Sunset over a field of Ox-eye daisy, Havre Aubert Island
Sunset over a field of Ox-eye daisy, Havre Aubert Island
Official seal of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine (Magdalen Island)
Location within Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine TE.
Location within Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine TE.
Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine (Magdalen Island) is located in Eastern Quebec
Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine (Magdalen Island)
Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine
(Magdalen Island)
Location in eastern Quebec.
Coordinates: 47°23′N 61°52′W / 47.383°N 61.867°W / 47.383; -61.867
Country Canada
Province Quebec
RegionGaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine
RCMNone
AgglomerationLes Îles-de-la-Madeleine
ConstitutedJanuary 1, 2002
Government
 • MayorGaétan Richard (interim)[1]
 • Federal ridingGaspésie—Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine
 • Prov. ridingÎles-de-la-Madeleine
Area
 • Total33,704.00 km2 (13,013.19 sq mi)
 • Land172.71 km2 (66.68 sq mi)
Population
 (2016)[3]
 • Total12,010
 • Density69.5/km2 (180/sq mi)
 • Pop 2006-2011
Decrease 2.3%
 • Dwellings
6,223
Time zoneUTC−4 (AST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−3 (ADT)
Postal code(s)
Area code(s)418 and 581
Highways R-199
Websitewww.muniles.ca

Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine (Magdalen Islands) is a municipality located in Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine region, in Quebec, Canada.[4]

It is located on the islands of the Magdalen Islands archipelago, that bathes in the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 250 km from Gaspé, 120 km from Prince Edward Island, 90 km from Cape Breton Island and 150 km from Newfoundland.[5]

History[edit]

The Mi'kmaq were among the original occupants of Atlantic Canada, inhabiting the coastal regions of Gaspé and the Maritime provinces east of the Saint John River. This traditional territory is called Mi'gma'gi (Mi'kma'ki).[6]

According to Mi'kmaq oral history and archaeological evidence collected to date, there has been a seasonal Amerindian presence on the Magdalen Islands since 6,000 to 10,000 years, mainly for summer fishing and hunting, marine mammal or other games.[7] [8] [9]

The explorer Jacques Cartier was the first known European to visit the islands in 1534.[10]

The first concerted settlement attempt was made by English Puritan Separatist Francis Johnson in 1597, which failed.[12] François Doublet de Honfleur received the concession of the archipelago from the Compagnie des Cent-Associés, in 1663, he gave it its current name, in honour of his wife Madeleine Fontaine. The first real settlers to settle on the islands came after the fall of Louisbourg and the dispersal of the Acadians from the Grand-Pré region of Acadia.[13] [14]

In 1765, the islands were inhabited by 22 French-speaking Acadians and their families. They were working and hunting walruses for a British trader, Richard Gridley. Many inhabitants of the Magdalen Islands (Madelinots) still fly the Acadian flag and identify as both Acadian and Québécois. The islands were administered as part of the British Colony of Newfoundland from 1763 to 1774, when they became part of Quebec by List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1774.

Some of the islanders are descendants of survivors of the more than 400 shipwrecks on the islands. Some of the historic houses were built using wood that was salvaged from the shipwrecks. “Once, 48 ships sank during a single storm.”[15] The islands have some of Quebec's oldest English-speaking settlements. Although most anglophones have long either assimilated with the francophone population or migrated elsewhere, English-speaking settlements are found at Old Harry, a hamlet in Grosse-Île, and Entry Island. To improve the safety of ships, the government constructed lighthouses on the islands. They indicate navigable channels and have reduced the number of shipwrecks, but many old hulks are found on the beaches and under the waters.

Until the 20th century, the islands were completely isolated during the winter since the pack ice made the trip to the mainland impassable by boat. In August 1880, the Canadian Government's Telegraph Service installed the first submarine cable that connected the islands with the mainland.[16] On January 6, 1910, this cable connecting the village of Old Harry, Magdalen Islands, to Sydney, Cape Breton Island, N.S., broke. On February 2, 1910, Magdalen Islanders, cut off from the rest of the world, threw into the sea a ponchon, that is to say, a barrel containing the original molasses, the wooden barrel, equipped with a rudder and a sheet metal sail on which they had painted the inscription "Winter Magdalen Mail". In the ponchon, it has letters placed in sealed tin cans, these letters are addressed to families on the continent, except one written for the person who would find the makeshift boat and another addressed to Rodolphe Lemieux, Member of Parliament for Gaspé and Postmaster General. The ponchon reached Halifax around February 14, 1910. A year later, the Canadian federal government responded to the Magdalen Islanders' grievances and installed a wireless telegraphy system in the Islands.[17]

Language & Culture[edit]

La Grave Heritage Site,[18]' [19] Café de la Grave, a former general store built around 1865, L'Ile-du Havre-Aubert

The language of the Magdalen Islands is made up of the language of France and Acadia, the language of the sea and the coasts, the influences of English, the additions made, from the beginning of the nineteenth century by sailors and traders of the Channel Island Jersey, there are also the contributions of the Amerindian languages and the Quebec language.

In its maritime and island environment, Madelinian culture draws the colors of its language from multiple crucibles of identity, the sea, the dunes, the wind, the mist where the roots of Acadia, Quebec, the Jersey islands, the distant echoes of the First Nations, and others, where a unique culture mixes and knits together.[20]

This is obviously the language spoken in the French-speaking islands of the archipelago, which however has two English-speaking islands: Grosse-Île and Île d'Entrée.

La Grave heritage site includes buildings with a variety of functions: general store, salt works, tinsmith's shop, fishing tackle store, fish sales counter, small warehouses and scaffolds.

Over the years and as a result of the numerous shipwrecks, the population increases on both sides of the linguistic and religious barrier, but the proportion of Anglophones will never exceed 12,5%.[21]

Municipality, Villages & Hamlets[edit]

Create in 2002, the municipality is the merger of the municipality of the village of Cap-aux-Meules and the municipalities (Villages) of Fatima, Grande-Entrée, Grosse-Île, Havre-aux-Maisons, L'Étang-du-Nord and L'Île-du-Havre-Aubert.

As part of a municipal reorganization across Quebec, the seven communities of the Magdalen Islands amalgamated to form the municipality of Magdalen Islands on January 1, 2002. Grosse-Île has its own page, the list below presents the 6 other formerly independent communities that constitute Magdalen Islands.[5]

Cap-aux-Meules (Village)[edit]

With the largest commercial and fishing port in the archipelago as well as the maritime links to the outside world (CTMA), Cap-aux-Meules is the capital of the municipality of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine.

The village is home to the government services offices of Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec (SAAQ), Transports Quebec, the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing (Quebec) (MAMH), the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Quebec) (MAPAQ) and the Ministry of Environment, Fight Against Climate Change, Wildlife and Parks (MELCCFP), also, Parks Canada, Transport Canada, Canadian Coast Guard, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada.[22]

Located on île du Cap aux Meules (Grindstone Island) the site was settled as early as the 19th century. Before the 2002 amalgamation, it was the Magdalen Islands' smallest community in land area, but because of its location at the centre of the archipelago, it has become the most important business centre of the islands and, as such, was named "Capital of the Islands". The ferry servicing Cap-aux-Meules to Souris, Prince Edward Island constitutes the archipelago's only port of entry by sea.[5] [21]

The name of the community is associated to the grindstone quarry located on the island. Its population was as of, 2006, 1,685.

Fatima (Village)[edit]

Located on Île du Cap aux Meules (Grindstone Island), Fatima (Village) was settled between 1820 and 1845. It is named after Fátima in Portugal, a pilgrimage site highly visited after three young shepherds claimed the Holy Virgin appeared to them. Its population, as of 2006, was 2,809.

Grande-Entrée (Village)[edit]

Located on Grande Entrée Island (Île de la Grande Entrée), the locality is made up of two points of land facing each other which, between their arms, form a bay where boats can enter as if in a natural harbour, hence the name Grande-Entrée.[26]

Scots settled on the island at the end of the 18th century, but Basque fishermen had already stopped over there during the 16th century.

Havre-aux-Maisons (Village)[edit]

The first settlers came to Havre-aux-Maisons, located on House Harbour Island (Île du Havre aux Maisons in French), in 1765 from Acadia. The island was first known as Allright Island, then Alwright, and then Saunders, after sir Charles Saunders, a British admiral who accompanied General James Wolfe to Quebec City in 1759. The harbour between Grindstone and House Harbour islands was already known in 1756 as Harbour Maison. Since nobody lived on the island before 1765, the singular form for Maison could be attributed to the ruins of a habitation built by early Basque visitors and found by French explorers in 1663. Its population, as of 2006, was 2,078.

Îles-de-la-Madeleine Airport, Magdalen Islands' only port of entry by air, is located at Havre-aux-Maisons.

The hamlet of Dune-du-Sud, northeast of Havre-aux-Maisons, is a Hydro-Québec experimentation site to assess power lines' resistance to high winds. In 1993, it built a vertical-axis windmill, but the project did not go further past the experimental level. The windmill is now purely decorative.

L'Étang-du-Nord (Village)[edit]

In February 2021, the Municipality of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine[5] made amendments to Zoning Plan No. 2010-08, the amendments affect the village of L'Étang-du-Nord, they modify an urban perimeter, residential, resort and forest zones, as well as specific provisions relating to the scenic corridors of the Belle-Anse sector. [29]

The village of L'Étang-du-Nord is the main fishing centre of the Magdalen Islands, the place received its first inhabitants around 1830 and was officially erected as a municipality in 1875. The community hosts a campus of Cégep de la Gaspésie et des Îles,[30] the Magdalen Islands' only post-secondary institution.

The village unfolds around the cove of the Étang du Nord,[31] entered between Cap à Savage and Cap à Fidèle. In the cove there are three breakwaters protecting the fishing harbour. Two are Public wharves, one is a floating wharf, 70 m long, the second, encased in stone, extends 130 m. This harbour is managed by the harbour authority Administration du Havre de pêche de L’Étang-du-Nord.

L'Île-du-Havre-Aubert (Village)[edit]

Returning from France in 1626, Samuel de Champlain would have spent a night in the Pleasant Bay[32] [33] he would have given the name "Aubert" to the southernmost island of the archipelago.[7] An English map of 1756 identifies the places Harbour Ober, the name Amherst was given to the post office between 1899 and 1907, Amherst Island became Havre-Aubert in 1907.[5]

The Havre Aubert Island is made up of two main localities, Havre-Aubert and Bassin,[34] subdivided into hamlets: Portage-du-Cap, La Baie, La Montagne, L'Anse-à-la-Cabane, former name Millerand, and L'Étang-des-Caps.[35]

Amherst Island's first settlers arrived in 1762 from Acadia, Prince Edward Island and the Chaleur Bay. A municipality, Havre-Aubert, was constituted in 1875 and changed its name to Bassin in 1959. Another municipality, Havre-Aubert-Est, was constituted in 1951 and changed its name to Havre-Aubert in 1964. Both amalgamated in 1971 and took the name of L'Île-du-Havre-Aubert. The island is a member of the Most Beautiful Villages of Quebec.

Historians do not agree on the origin of the name "Havre-Aubert." Some suggested the name of an obscure friend of Jacques Cartier, while others brought up Thomas Aubert, a sailor from Dieppe and one of the Americas' first explorers, or François Aubert de La Chesnaye, who would have supported the colonization efforts of New France, as likely explanations. Some have mentioned a family of sailors named "Auber" and other hypotheses include that of French explorer Jean-François Roberval, who would have stayed on the island in 1542, having named it "Havre au Ber,. The term "ber" itself meaning, in this case, "berceau" (cradle in English, while "havre" is French for harbour). Roberval's child was still a baby at the time; although, in terms of an explanation, this is really nothing but speculation and hearsay. It probably references the ``high quality`` of port; in layman`s terms.

However, "ber" is also a marine term designating the wood structure on which a boat lies during construction or reparation. Yet, while this is an interesting fact to note, it is likely to be a simple slang term in French to reference the berceau, heard and used in conversation by the anglophone population over the years. Meanwhile, an anonymous British map of the area in 1756 named it Harbour Ober, which was in all likelihood, an anglicization of french-origin place-names. The post office, opened in 1899, bore the name "Amherst Island" until 1907.

In 2000, a new municipality named L'Île-du-Havre-Aubert was constituted following the amalgamation of L'Île-du-Havre-Aubert and the village of L'Île-d'Entrée. Entry Island is the only inhabited island part of the Magdalen Islands unconnected to the rest of the archipelago by land. It is located five kilometres (3 miles) east of Amherst Island and it is one of the three English-speaking centres of the archipelago. It saw its first inhabitants in the early 19th century.

Entry Island owes its name to the fact that it is located at the southeast entrance of the archipelago. A ferry service exists between Entry Island and the village of Grindstone.

Mining - Salt[edit]

Salt,[40] also known as sodium chloride, is practically part of every person's daily life in the world, in Quebec, the only salt mine is located on Grosse Île, operated by Seleine Mines, owned by [K+S Windsor Salt Ltd.

In 1972, the Société québécoise d'exploration minière (SOQUEM)[41] discovered 7 salt domes,[42] including the one at Grosse-Île. In 1982, after investments of C$125 million, Seleine Mines inaugurated an active underground mine on Grosse Île. In 1988, the company was sold to the Canadian Salt Company (Windsor), and in 2009, the mine passed into the hands of the German group K+S.

About 150 people work at Seleine Mines, every year, more than 1,300,000 metric tons of salt are extracted there, this salt is used for road deicing.

Demography[edit]

Population[edit]

Canada census – Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine community profile
202120162011
Population12,190 (+1.5% from 2016)12,010 (-2.3% from 2011)12,291 (-2.1% from 2006)
Land area155.06 km2 (59.87 sq mi)172.71 km2 (66.68 sq mi)168.11 km2 (64.91 sq mi)
Population density78.6/km2 (204/sq mi)69.5/km2 (180/sq mi)73.1/km2 (189/sq mi)
Median age54.8 (M: 54.4, F: 54.8)52.2 (M: 52.1, F: 52.4)48.3 (M: 48.0, F: 48.6)
Private dwellings6,413 (total)  5,610 (occupied)6,223 (total)  5,924 (total) 
Median household income$75,000$61,029$52,220
Notes: Municipality created on January 1, 2002.
References: 2021[43] 2016[44] 2011[45] earlier[46][47]
Historical Census Data - Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec
YearPop.±%
2006 12,560—    
2011 12,291−2.1%
YearPop.±%
2016 12,010−2.3%
2021 12,190+1.5%
[48][3]

Language[edit]

Canada Census Mother Tongue - Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec[48][3]
Census Total
French
English
French & English
Other
Year Responses Count Trend Pop % Count Trend Pop % Count Trend Pop % Count Trend Pop %
2021
12,075
11,720 Increase 1.2% 97.1% 245 Increase 2.1% 2.0% 70 Increase 133.3% 0.6% 35 Steady 0.0% 0.3%
2016
11,890
11,585 Decrease 2.2% 97.4% 240 Decrease 11.1% 2.0% 30 Decrease 14.3% 0.3% 35 Increase 40.0% 0.3%
2011
12,180
11,850 Decrease 1.3% 97.3% 270 Decrease 16.9% 2.2% 35 Decrease 30.0% 0.3% 25 Decrease 61.5% 0.2%
2006
12,445
12,005 n/a 96.5% 325 n/a 2.6% 50 n/a 0.4% 65 n/a 0.5%

Photos[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Membres du conseil municipal". Municipalité des Îles-de-la-Madeleine.
  2. ^ a b "Répertoire des municipalités: Geographic code 01023". www.mamh.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Ministère des Affaires municipales et de l'Habitation.
  3. ^ a b c d "Census Profile, 2016 Census Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Municipalité [Census subdivision], Quebec". Statistics Canada. Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  4. ^ "Concerning the agglomeration of Îles-de-la-Madeleine" (PDF). Gazette officielle du Québec. Government of Quebec Affaires municipales. 2005-12-07. p. 9. Retrieved 4 March 2024. The purpose of this Order is to supplement, for the agglomeration of Îles-de-la-Madeleine, the rules prescribed by the Act respecting the exercise of certain municipal powers
  5. ^ a b c d e "Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine". Commission de toponymie Quebec (in French). Government of Quebec. 2002-01-24. Retrieved 4 March 2024. On January 1, 2002, the municipality of Îles-de-la-Madeleine was created.
  6. ^ David B. Quinn; Jacques Rousseau (1966). "Amerindian Place Names of Canada The Old English Travellers, 1591-1602" (PDF) (in en and fr). Département de géographie de l'Université Laval. pp. 2, 5 of 16. Retrieved 17 March 2024. The Principal Navigations in 1600 give names: Menquit for the Magdalen Islands, and Natiscotec for Anticosti. I{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  7. ^ a b Noel Falaise (1950-06-01). "The Magdalen Islands under the French regime" (PDF). Érudit (in French). Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française. p. 13. Retrieved 11 March 2024. The French fishermen therefore moved their fishing grounds back to the Magdalen Islands, where, improvising as walrus and seal hunters, they encountered the Micmacs.
  8. ^ Martijn, Charles (2003). "Early Mikmaq Presence in Southern Newfoundland: An Ethnohistorical Perspective, c.1500-1763". Newfoundland and Labrador Studies. 19 (1): 44–102. ISSN 1715-1430. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
  9. ^ Jean-François Rail (2009). "Seabirds and Colonial Waterbirds of the Magdalen Islands" (PDF). Canadian Wildlife Service. Environnement Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service. p. 74. community of seabirds that can be found nesting in the numerous and characteristic red sandstone cliffs, as well as on sandy islands in lagoons and rocky offshore islands
  10. ^ Michel Bideaux, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier (1986). "Jacques Cartier relations 1534". Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Bibliothéque du Nouveau Monde. p. 499. Retrieved 18 March 2024. Cartier's first voyage was troubled only by headwinds and storms that slowed it down until the voyage took three long months.
  11. ^ a b "Anse-à-la-Cabane lighthouse". Commission de toponymie Quebec (in French). Government of Quebec. 2017-05-26. Retrieved 7 March 2024. Built in 1870 and 1871, it was erected during the first wave of lighthouse construction to make navigation safe in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
  12. ^ Peterson, Mark. The Rise and Fall of an Atlantic Power, 1630–1865, The City-State of Boston. Princeton University Press, 2019, page 16.
  13. ^ "Les îles de la Madeleine" (PDF). Quebec Gouvernement. Ministère de l'Énergie et des Ressources naturelles. 2020-01-27. pp. 8 of 66. Retrieved 21 March 2024. The first real settlers to settle on the islands came after the fall of Louisbourg and the dispersal of the Acadians from the Grand-Pré region of Acadia
  14. ^ "Les îles de la Madeleine". Commission de toponymie Quebec (in French). Government of Quebec. 1968-12-05. Retrieved 29 February 2024. In 1534, Jacques Cartier explored the islands and left the first certain evidence of European visits to the archipelago
  15. ^ Anna Bressanin; Anne Banas (2022-02-24). "A tempestuous isle of 1,000 shipwrecks". BBC. Retrieved 21 March 2024. Between 500 and 1,000 shipwrecks were recorded around Quebec's isolated Magdalen Islands – and the descendants of the resilient survivors live to tell their stories.
  16. ^ "Installation of the first submarine cable with the mainland,1880". Centre d'archives régional des Iles (in French). 2015-08-01. Retrieved 22 March 2024. 1880, août éphémérides, câble télégraphique, Clarke , communications , Lebourdais
  17. ^ Patricia Bufe (2020). "A Letter to the Sea - ponchon" (PDF). erudit.org (in French). p. 4. Retrieved 21 March 2024. In January 1910, Magdalen Islanders cut off from the world threw a barrel into the sea containing about twenty letters.
  18. ^ Chantal Naud (2013-03-09). "The Language of the Magdalen Islands" (PDF). Dictionary of the Regionalisms of the Magdalen Islands. p. 6. Retrieved 9 March 2024. In the Islands, the wind from the open sea willingly sweeps away prejudices and one discovers complete freedom of speech
  19. ^ a b "Site patrimonial de La Grave" (in French). Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec. 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2024. During the 16th century, the area was frequented by indigenous groups from the mainland and Basque, Breton and Norman fishermen
  20. ^ "Îles-de-la-Madeleine Cultural Policy" (PDF) (in French). Ministère de la Culture et des Communications du Québec. 2002-11-06. p. 21. Retrieved 9 March 2024. Magdalen Island culture draws its colours from these melting pots of identity and from its maritime and island environment
  21. ^ a b Stéphanie Arseneau Bussière; Hélène Chevrier (2012-02-08). "Socio-economic profile of the Magdalen Islands' English-speaking community" (PDF). Centre de recherche sur les milieux insulaires et maritimes (CERMIM). pp. 12 of 90. Retrieved 28 March 2024. Merchants, also mostly English-speaking, prefer to be near their markets (the harbours) and even more so their customers,
  22. ^ "Special Urban Planning Program, Downtown Cap-aux-Meules" (PDF) (in French). Les îles-de-la-Madeleine, Maritime community. March 2023. pp. 10 of 51. Retrieved 28 March 2024. The heart of Cap-aux-Meules represent a major importance, through its port and its institutional and commercial activities
  23. ^ "Lucy Maud Montgomery ferry" (in French). Centre d'archives régional des Iles. 1998-04-22. Retrieved 25 March 2024. This ferry can take 60 cars instead of the Manic's 45 and is better equipped to weather the storms of the Gulf of St. Lawrence
  24. ^ "The MV Lucy Maud Montgomery". Marine Atlantic. The Journey. 2014-12-11. Retrieved 27 March 2024. Vessel named in honour of the famous Prince Edward Island writer who is best known as the author of the "Anne of Green Gables" book series
  25. ^ C, Plourde (2009-09-19). "Small Buildings" (PDF). Quebec Museum of Popular Culture. Retrieved 6 March 2024. The deportation of the Acadians is credited with this Dutch contribution to Quebec architecture.
  26. ^ "Grande-Entrée (Municipalité)". Commission de toponymie Quebec. Government of Quebec. 2002-01-24. Retrieved 8 March 2024. Adjacent to the village municipality of Grosse-Île in the Magdalen Islands, this municipality was officially established in 1929
  27. ^ "Former St. Peter's-By-the-Sea". Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec. 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2024. The church and an adjacent cemetery are located in the hamlet of Old Harry near the small (échouerie)
  28. ^ "Grande-Entrée leads the way in the Magdalen Islands" (PDF) (in French). Harbour Authorities Forum. 2020-02-26. p. 6. Retrieved 9 March 2024. The port can accommodate between 110 and 120 boats, more than half of the fleet it serves is made up of transient ocean-going vessels
  29. ^ "Zoning Plan Changes for L'Étang-du-Nord," (PDF) (in French). Council of the Municipality of Îles-de-la-Madeleine. 2021-02-09. Retrieved 13 March 2024. Modify an urban perimeter, residential, resort and forest zones, as well as specific provisions relating to scenic corridors in the Belle-Anse Secto
  30. ^ "Cégep de la Gaspésie et des Îles - Campus des Îles-de-la-Madeleine". Infoway FPT - Vocational and Technical Training in Quebec. 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024. Compétences Québec, in partnership with the Government of Quebec
  31. ^ a b "Canadian Sailing Directions Gulf of St. Lawrence (Southwest Portion)" (PDF). Ficheries and Oceans Canada. pp. 51 of 142. Retrieved 14 March 2024. North of L'Étang-du-Nord, mariners must refer to the appropriate chart for their position and are not to drop anchor in the vicinity of the cables.
  32. ^ "Baie de Plaisance - Pleasant Bay map" (PDF). Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas of Canada. 2017-03-17. Retrieved 14 March 2024. Lagune du Havre aux Basques et plage de l'Ouest
  33. ^ "Baie de Plaisance - Pleasant Bay". Commission de toponymie Quebec (in French). Government of Quebec. 1968-12-05. Retrieved 11 March 2024. It is the best harbour of the group of islands and the only one where ships can take shelter during the summer months
  34. ^ "Bassin Village". Commission de toponymie Quebec. Government of Quebec. 1972-08-24. Retrieved 11 March 2024. The economy is based almost exclusively on pelagic fishing
  35. ^ "Havre Aubert Island". Fous des Îles. Tourisme Îles de la Madeleine. Retrieved 11 March 2024. The most interesting attraction in Havre-Aubert is without a doubt the Historical site of La Grave (from the French "grève": pebbly and sandy terrain).
  36. ^ Jean-charles Fortin; Paul Larocque (2003). "Histoire des Îles-de-la-Madeleine". Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (in French). Institut québécois de recherche sur la culture. pp. 42, 84 of 407. Retrieved 12 March 2024. In areas subject to the influence of the tides, the herbaceous vegetation has a maritime character (salt meadows).
  37. ^ "Dune Sandy Hook". Commission de toponymie Quebec. Government of Quebec. 1968-12-05. Retrieved 6 March 2024. Located at the eastern end of Île du Havre Aubert, in the Magdalen Islands
  38. ^ "First annual report for the year 1930-31" (PDF). Department of fischeries Ottawa. 1931. pp. 78, 272 of 583. Retrieved 11 March 2024. The total capital invested was $1,008,441, which covers lobster canneries, vessels, nets, wharves, lobster traps, ice houses, small fish houses, etc.
  39. ^ "History, Heritage and Genealogy in the Magdalen Islands" (in French). Centre d'archives régional des Îles. 28 January 1981. Retrieved 12 March 2024. National Sea Products celebrates 25 years of service with 7 employees in 1981
  40. ^ Dennis Stephen Kostick 1947-2019 (1997-03-06). "Salt, known as sodium chloride" (PDF). p. 20. Retrieved 15 March 2024. The second largest end use of salt is for highway deicing{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ "SOQUEM's mineral exploration leader in Quebec". Retrieved 15 March 2024. The company has participated in hundreds of mining projects that have led to major gold, diamond, and lithium discoveries, as well as the finding of various other mineral deposits.
  42. ^ "Salt deposits in Quebec" (PDF). Énergies et ressources Québec (in French). Ministère de l'Énergie et des Ressources naturelles - Gouvernement du Québec. 1979-11-11. pp. 40 of 42. Retrieved 15 March 2024. Deposit located in salt formations where volcanic and clay facies predominate
  43. ^ "2021 Community Profiles". 2021 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. February 4, 2022. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  44. ^ "2016 Community Profiles". 2016 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 12, 2021. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  45. ^ "2011 Community Profiles". 2011 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. March 21, 2019. Retrieved 2014-02-23.
  46. ^ "2006 Community Profiles". 2006 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 20, 2019.
  47. ^ "2001 Community Profiles". 2001 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. July 18, 2021.
  48. ^ a b Statistics Canada: 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011 census

External links[edit]