# Almost flat manifold

In mathematics, a smooth compact manifold M is called almost flat if for any ${\displaystyle \varepsilon >0}$ there is a Riemannian metric ${\displaystyle g_{\varepsilon }}$ on M such that ${\displaystyle {\mbox{diam}}(M,g_{\varepsilon })\leq 1}$ and ${\displaystyle g_{\varepsilon }}$ is ${\displaystyle \varepsilon }$-flat, i.e. for the sectional curvature of ${\displaystyle K_{g_{\varepsilon }}}$ we have ${\displaystyle |K_{g_{\epsilon }}|<\varepsilon }$.

Given n, there is a positive number ${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{n}>0}$ such that if an n-dimensional manifold admits an ${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{n}}$-flat metric with diameter ${\displaystyle \leq 1}$ then it is almost flat. On the other hand, one can fix the bound of sectional curvature and get the diameter going to zero, so the almost-flat manifold is a special case of a collapsing manifold, which is collapsing along all directions.

According to the Gromov–Ruh theorem, M is almost flat if and only if it is infranil. In particular, it is a finite factor of a nilmanifold, which is the total space of a principal torus bundle over a principal torus bundle over a torus.

## References

• Hermann Karcher. Report on M. Gromov's almost flat manifolds. Séminaire Bourbaki (1978/79), Exp. No. 526, pp. 21–35, Lecture Notes in Math., 770, Springer, Berlin, 1980.
• Peter Buser and Hermann Karcher. Gromov's almost flat manifolds. Astérisque, 81. Société Mathématique de France, Paris, 1981. 148 pp.
• Peter Buser and Hermann Karcher. The Bieberbach case in Gromov's almost flat manifold theorem. Global differential geometry and global analysis (Berlin, 1979), pp. 82–93, Lecture Notes in Math., 838, Springer, Berlin-New York, 1981.
• Gromov, M. (1978), "Almost flat manifolds", Journal of Differential Geometry, 13 (2): 231–241, MR 0540942 CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link).
• Ruh, Ernst A. (1982), "Almost flat manifolds", Journal of Differential Geometry, 17 (1): 1–14, MR 0658470 CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link).