Tokugawa Ieyasu
Tokugawa Ieyasu[a][b] (born Matsudaira Takechiyo;[c] January 31, 1543 – June 1, 1616) was the founder and first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which ruled from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and fellow Oda subordinate Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The son of a minor daimyo, Ieyasu once lived as a hostage under daimyo Imagawa Yoshimoto on behalf of his father. He later succeeded as daimyo after his father's death, serving as ally, vassal and general of the Oda clan,[3] and building up his strength under Oda Nobunaga.[4]
After Oda Nobunaga's death, Ieyasu was briefly a rival of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, before declaring his allegiance to Toyotomi and fighting on his behalf. Under Toyotomi, Ieyasu was relocated to the Kanto plains in eastern Japan, away from the Toyotomi power base in Osaka. He built his castle in the fishing village of Edo (now Tokyo). He became the most powerful daimyo and the most senior officer under the Toyotomi regime. Ieyasu preserved his strength during Toyotomi's failed attempts to conquer Korea. After Hideyoshi's death, Ieyasu seized power in 1600, after the Battle of Sekigahara.[3][page needed] He received appointment as shōgun in 1603, and voluntarily abdicated from office in 1605, but remained in power until his death in 1616. He implemented a set of careful rules known as the bakuhan system, designed to keep the daimyo and samurai in check under the Tokugawa Shogunate.[3][4]
Early life (1543–1556)[edit]
Tokugawa Ieyasu was born in Okazaki Castle on the 26th day of the twelfth month of the eleventh year of Tenbun, according to the Japanese calendar. Originally named Matsudaira Takechiyo (松平 竹千代), he was the son of Matsudaira Hirotada (松平 廣忠), the daimyo of Mikawa of the Matsudaira clan, and Odai no Kata (於大の方, Lady Odai), the daughter of a neighbouring samurai lord, Mizuno Tadamasa (水野 忠政). His mother and father were step-siblings. They were 17 and 15 years old, respectively, when Takechiyo was born.[5]
During the Muromachi period, the Matsudaira clan controlled a portion of Mikawa Province (the eastern half of modern Aichi Prefecture). Ieyasu's father, Matsudaira Hirotada, was a minor local warlord based at Okazaki Castle who controlled a portion of the Tōkaidō highway linking Kyoto with the eastern provinces. His territory was sandwiched between stronger and predatory neighbors, including the Imagawa clan based in Suruga Province to the east and the Oda clan to the west. Hirotada's main enemy was Oda Nobuhide, the father of Oda Nobunaga.[6]
In the year of Takechiyo's birth, the Matsudaira clan was split. In 1543, Hirotada's uncle, Matsudaira Nobutaka defected to the Oda clan. This gave Oda Nobuhide the confidence to attack Okazaki. Soon afterwards, Hirotada's father-in-law died, and his heir, Mizuno Nobumoto, revived the clan's traditional enmity against the Matsudaira and declared for Oda Nobuhide as well. As a result, Hirotada divorced Odai-no-kata and sent her back to her family.[6] Hirotada later remarried to different wives, and Takechiyo eventually had 11 half-brothers and sisters.[5]
Hostage life[edit]
As Oda Nobuhide continued to attack Okazaki, Hirotada turned to his powerful eastern neighbor, Imagawa Yoshimoto for assistance. Yoshimoto agreed to an alliance under the condition that Hirotada send his young heir to Sunpu Domain as a hostage.[6] Oda Nobuhide learned of this arrangement and had Takechiyo abducted.[7] Takechiyo was five years old at the time.[8] Nobuhide threatened to execute Takechiyo unless his father severed all ties with the Imagawa clan. However, Hirotada refused, stating that sacrificing his own son would show his seriousness in his pact with the Imagawa. Despite this refusal, Nobuhide chose not to kill Takechiyo, but instead held him hostage for the next three years at the Honshōji Temple in Nagoya. It is said that Oda Nobunaga met Takechiyo at the temple, when Takechiyo was 6 years old, and Nobunaga was 14.
In 1549, when Takechiyo was 6,[8] his father Hirotada was murdered by his vassals, who had been bribed by the Oda clan. At about the same time, Oda Nobuhide died during an epidemic. Nobuhide's death dealt a heavy blow to the Oda clan.
In 1551, an army under the command of Imagawa Sessai laid siege to the castle where Oda Nobuhiro, Nobuhide's illegitimate eldest son was living. Nobuhiro was trapped by the Imagawa clan but was saved through negotiation by Oda Nobunaga, Nobuhide's second son and heir. Sessai made an agreement with Nobunaga to take Takechiyo back to Imagawa, and he agreed. Takechiyo, now nine years old, was taken as a hostage to Sunpu. At Sunpu, he was treated fairly well as a potentially useful ally of the Imagawa clan until 1556 when he was 14 years old.[8]
Service under Yoshimoto (1556–1560)[edit]
In 1556, Takechiyo officially came of age, with Imagawa Yoshimoto presiding over his genpuku ceremony. Following tradition, he changed his name from Matsudaira Takechiyo to Matsudaira Jirōsaburō Motonobu (松平 次郎三郎 元信). He was also briefly allowed to visit Okazaki to pay his respects to the tomb of his father, and receive the homage of his nominal retainers, led by the karō Torii Tadayoshi.[6]
One year later, at the age of 15 (according to East Asian age reckoning), he married his first wife, Lady Tsukiyama, a relative of Imagawa Yoshimoto, and changed his name again to Matsudaira Kurandonosuke Motoyasu (松平 蔵人佐 元康). A year later, their son, Matsudaira Nobuyasu, was born. He was then allowed to return to Mikawa Province. There, the Imagawa ordered him to fight the Oda clan in a series of battles.[9]
Motoyasu fought his first battle in 1558 at the siege of Terabe. The lord of Terabe, Suzuki Shigeteru (or Suzuki Shigetatsu [jp]), betrayed the Imagawa by defecting to Oda Nobunaga. This was nominally within Matsudaira territory, so Imagawa Yoshimoto entrusted the campaign to Motoyasu and his retainers from Okazaki. Motoyasu led the attack in person, but after taking the outer defences, he burned the main castle and withdrew. As anticipated, the Oda forces attacked his rear lines, but Motoyasu was prepared and drove off the Oda army.[10]
He then succeeded in delivering supplies in the siege of Odaka a year later. Odaka was the only one of five disputed frontier forts under attack by the Oda clan which remained under Imagawan control. Motoyasu launched diversionary attacks against the two neighboring forts, and when the garrisons of the other forts came to assist, Motoyasu's supply column was able to reach Odaka.[11]
Death of Yoshimoto[edit]
By 1559 the leadership of the Oda clan had passed to Oda Nobunaga. In 1560, Imagawa Yoshimoto leading a large army of 25,000 men, invaded Oda territory. Motoyasu was assigned a separate mission to capture the stronghold of Marune. As a result, he and his men were not present at the Battle of Okehazama where Yoshimoto was killed in a surprise assault by Nobunaga.[7]: 37
Early rise (1560–1570)[edit]
With Imagawa Yoshimoto dead, and the Imagawa clan in a state of confusion, Motoyasu used the opportunity to assert his independence and marched his men back into the abandoned Okazaki Castle and reclaimed his ancestral seat.[10] Motoyasu then decided to ally with Oda Nobunaga.[12] A secret deal was needed because Motoyasu's wife, Lady Tsukiyama, and infant son, Nobuyasu, were held hostage in Sunpu by Imagawa Ujizane, Yoshimoto's heir.[13]
In 1561, Motoyasu openly broke with the Imagawa and captured the fortress of Kaminogō. Kaminogō was held by Udono Nagamochi. Resorting to stealth, Motoyasu forces under Hattori Hanzō attacked under cover of darkness, setting fire to the castle, and capturing two of Udono's sons, whom he used as hostages to exchange for his wife and son.[14]
In 1563, Matsudaira Nobuyasu, the first son of Motoyasu, was married to Oda Nobunaga's daughter Tokuhime. In February, Matsudaira Motoyasu changed his name to Matsudaira Ieyasu.[15][16]
Unification of Mikawa[edit]
During this period, the Matsudaira clan also faced a threat from a different source. Mikawa was a major center for the Ikkō-ikki movement, where peasants banded together with militant monks under the Jōdo Shinshū sect, and rejected the traditional feudal social order. Ieyasu undertook several battles to suppress this movement in his territories, including the Battle of Azukizaka (1564). In the Ikkō-ikki ranks were some of Ieyasu's vassals, like Honda Masanobu and Natsume Yoshinobu, who had deserted him for the Ikkō-ikki rebellion out of religious sympathy.[14] However, many of Tokugawa core vassals who also follower of the sect such as Ishikawa Ienari,[17] and Honda Tadakatsu quickly abandon the Ikkō faith of Jōdo Shinshū and stayed loyal to Ieyasu to strike on the rebels.[18][19] On January 15, 1564, Ieyasu had decided to concentrate his forces to attack and eliminate the Ikkō-ikki from Mikawa. Ieyasu was fighting in the front line and was nearly killed when struck by several bullets which did not penetrate his armour.[18] Both sides were using the new gunpowder weapons which the Portuguese had introduced to Japan just 20 years earlier. At the end of battle, the Ikkō-ikki were defeated. By 1565, Ieyasu became master of all of Mikawa Province.[citation needed]
In 1566, as Ieyasu declared his independence from the Imagawa clan, he reformed the order of Mikawa province starting with the Matsudaira clan, after he pacified Mikawa. This decision was made after he counseled by his senior vassal Sakai Tadatsugu to abandon their allegiance with the Imagawa clan.[20] He also strengthened his powerbase by creating a military government system of Tokugawa clan in Mikawa which based from his hereditary vassals Fudai daimyō. The system which called "Sanbi no gunsei" (三備の軍制) with the structure divide the governance into three sections:[21][22][23]
- Hatamoto-Senshi : Ieyasu's direct vassals. Their task was to personally protect Ieyasu, the earliest members of this unit such as Matsudaira Ietada (Tojo), Torii Mototada, Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, Ōkubo Tadayo, Osuga Yasutaka, Uomura Iezumi, and others
- Higashi Mikawa : an unit of Western Mikawa province, put under the control of Sakai Tadatsugu, the members of this unit consisted of many Matsudaira clansmen and other hereditary vassals of Tokugawa such as Matsudaira Ietada (Fukōzu), Matsudaira Tadamasa, Matsudaira Ietada (Katahara), and others
- Nishi-Mikawa clan : unit of Eastern Mikawa province, put under the control of Ienari Ishikawa(De jure, De facto was his nephew, Ishikawa Kazumasa), the members of this unit consisted of many Matsudaira clansmen and other hereditary vassals which assigned on eastern side of the province, such as Shimada Heizo, Hiraiwa Chikayoshi, Naitō Ienaga, Sakai Tadatoshi, Matsudair Shinichi, and others.
Tokugawa clan[edit]
In 1567, Ieyasu started the family name "Tokugawa", finally changing his name to Tokugawa Ieyasu. As he was a member of the Matsudaira clan, he claimed descent from the Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto clan. However, there is no proof that the Matsudaira clan were descendants of Emperor Seiwa.[24] Yet, his surname was changed with the permission of the Imperial Court, after writing a petition, and he was bestowed the courtesy title Mikawa-no-kami (Lord of Mikawa) and the court rank of Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (從五位下, ju go-i no ge). Though the Tokugawa could claim some modicum of freedom, they were very much subject to the requests of Oda Nobunaga. Ieyasu remained an ally of Nobunaga and his Mikawa soldiers were part of Nobunaga's army which captured Kyoto in 1568. At the same time, Ieyasu was eager to expand eastward to Tōtōmi Province. Ieyasu and Takeda Shingen, the head of the Takeda clan in Kai Province, made an alliance for the purpose of conquering all the Imagawa territory.[25]: 279
Tōtōmi campaign[edit]
In 1568, Ieyasu besieged the Horikawa Castle in Totomi.[26] However, the castle were only captured in 1569. After it was captured, Ieyasu ordered Ishikawa Hanzaburo to massacre the castle prisoners and castle denizens, including women and children. It was recorded around 700 peoples beheaded on the banks of the Miyakoda River. [27] Ōkubo Tadachika, who witnessed this massacre has testified in his personal journal, Mikawa Monogatari, that "... both mens and womens can be cut into pieces [sic]...".[28]
Later, in the same year of 1569, Ieyasu's troops penetrated into Tōtōmi Province. Meanwhile, Takeda Shingen's troops captured Suruga Province (including the Imagawa capital of Sunpu). Imagawa Ujizane fled to Kakegawa Castle, which led to Ieyasu laying siege to Kakegawa. Ieyasu then negotiated with Ujizane, promising that if Ujizane should surrender himself and the remainder of Tōtōmi, Ieyasu would assist Ujizane in regaining Suruga. Ujizane had nothing left to lose, and Ieyasu immediately ended his alliance with Takeda, instead making a new alliance with Takeda's enemy to the north, Uesugi Kenshin of the Uesugi clan. Through these political manipulations, Ieyasu gained the support of the samurai of Tōtōmi Province.[10]
In 1570, Ieyasu established Hamamatsu as the capital of his territory, placing his son Nobuyasu in charge of Okazaki.[29]
Ieyasu and Nobunaga (1570–1582)[edit]
Battle of Anegawa[edit]
In mid 1570, Azai Nagamasa, the brother-in-law of Oda Nobunaga, broke his alliance with the Oda clan during the siege of Kanegasaki. Soon Nobunaga was ready to punish Nagamasa for his treachery. Ieyasu led 5,000 of his men to support Nobunaga at the battle.[7]: 62 The Battle of Anegawa occurred near Lake Biwa in Ōmi Province. The allied forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated the combined forces of the Azai clan and Asakura clan, and saw Nobunaga's prodigious use of firearms. It is notable as the first battle that involved the alliance between Nobunaga and Ieyasu.
Conflict with Takeda and Suruga campaign[edit]
In October 1571, Takeda Shingen broke the alliance with the Oda-Tokugawa forces and now allied with the Odawara Hōjō clan. He decided to make a drive for Kyoto at the urgings of the shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiaki, starting with invading Tokugawa lands in Tōtōmi. Takeda Shingen's first objective in his campaign against Ieyasu was Nishikawa Castle, Yoshida Castle and Futamata Castle. In 1572, after besieging Futamata, Shingen would press on past Futamata towards the major Tokugawa home castle at Hamamatsu. Later, Ieyasu asked for help from Nobunaga, who sent him some 3,000 troops. Early in 1573 the two armies met at the Battle of Mikatagahara, north Hamamatsu. The considerably larger Takeda army, under the expert direction of Shingen, overwhelmed Ieyasu's troops and caused heavy casualties. Despite his initial reluctance, Ieyasu was convinced by his generals to retreat.[30][29] The battle was a major defeat, but in the interests of maintaining the appearance of dignified withdrawal, Ieyasu brazenly ordered the men at his castle to light torches, sound drums, and leave the gates open, to properly receive the returning warriors. To the surprise and relief of the Tokugawa army, this spectacle made the Takeda generals suspicious of being led into a trap, so they did not besiege the castle and instead made camp for the night.[30] This error would allow a band of Tokugawa soldiers to raid the camp in the ensuing hours, further upsetting the already disoriented Takeda army, and ultimately resulting in Shingen's decision to call off the offensive altogether. Takeda Shingen would not get another chance to advance on Hamamatsu, much less Kyoto, since he would perish shortly after the siege of Noda Castle later that same year.[12]: 153–156
In 1574, as Shingen was succeeded by his son Takeda Katsuyori However, following that, the Tokugawa forces under Honda Tadakatsu and Sakakibara Yasumasa seized many of Takeda clan's castles.[31][32] including Komyo castle.[33][34]
In 1575, during Takeda Katsuyori's raid through Mikawa Province, he attacked Yoshida Castle and besieged Nagashino Castle. Ieyasu appealed to Nobunaga for help and Nobunaga came personally with 30,000 strong men. The Oda-Tokugawa forces of 38,000 won a great victory and successfully defended Nagashino Castle. Though the Takeda forces had been destroyed, Katsuyori survived the battle and retreated back to Kai Province.[35] For the next seven years, Ieyasu and Katsuyori fought a series of small battles, as the result of which Ieyasu's troops managed to wrest control of Suruga Province away from the Takeda clan.
In 1579, Lady Tsukiyama, Ieyasu's wife, and his heir Nobuyasu, were accused by Nobunaga of conspiring with Takeda Katsuyori to assassinate Nobunaga, whose daughter Tokuhime was married to Nobuyasu. For this reason, Ieyasu ordered his wife to be executed and forced his son to commit seppuku.[36][37] Ieyasu then named his third son, Tokugawa Hidetada, as heir, since his second son had been adopted by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who would later become an extremely powerful daimyo.[citation needed]
In 1581, Ieyasu forces manage to subdue Tanaka castle,[38][39][40][41] and recapture Takatenjin castle, where Takeda clan general named Okabe Motonobu were killed during the fight.[42]
The end of the war with Takeda came in 1582 when a combined Oda-Tokugawa force attacked and conquered Kai Province, where Katsuyori was cornered and defeated at the Battle of Tenmokuzan, and then committed seppuku.[43] In March, according to the Meishō genkō-roku record, after the destruction of the Takeda clan in the Tenmokuzan, Ieyasu organized a kishōmon(blood oath) with many samurai clans that formerly were vassals of the Takeda clan assigned under the command of Tokugawa clan retainers.[44] Ieyasu Tokugawa planned to subduct the largest portions of former Takeda samurai under Naomasa's command, having consulted and reached agreement with Sakai Tadatsugu, a senior Tokugawa clan vassal. However, Ieyasu's decision garnered protest from Sakakibara Yasumasa, who went so far as to threaten Naomasa. Tadatsugu immediately defended the decision of Ieyasu in response and warned Yasumasa that if he did any harm to Naomasa, Tadatsugu would personally slaughter the Sakakibara clan; thus, Yasumasa heeded Tadatsugu and did not protest further.[45] Then Tokugawa decided that he assigned:[46][47][48][49]
- 70 former Takeda samurai from Tsuchiya clan under the command of Ii Naomasa
- 11 former Takeda samurai from Komai clan led by Komai Masanao under the command of Sakakibara Yasumasa.
- 60 former Takeda samurai of Asari clan led by Asari Masatane under the command of Honda Tadakatsu
- Huge portions of Takeda clans vassals under the direct control of Ieyasu himself
Death of Nobunaga[edit]
In late June 1582, before the incident at Honnō-ji temple, Oda Nobunaga invited Ieyasu to tour the Kansai region in celebration of the demise of the Takeda clan. When he learned that Nobunaga had been killed at the Honnō-ji temple by Akechi Mitsuhide,
Tokugawa Ieyasu heard the news in Hirakata, Osaka, but at the time, he had only 34 companions with him. The Iga province track were also in danger of the Ochimusha-gari, or "Samurai hunters" gang[d] Ieyasu and his party, therefore, chose the shortest route back to the Mikawa Province by crossing the Iga Province, which was differed in many versions according to primary sources such as the records of Tokugawa Nikki or Mikawa Todai-Hon:
- The Tokugawa Nikki theory stated that Ieyasu taking the roads to Shijonawate and Son'enji, then following the stream of Kizu river until they spent a night in Yamaguchi castle. The next day they reached a stronghold of Kōka ikki clan of Tarao who allowing them to take refugee for night. Then in the last day, Ieyasu group using a ship from Shiroko to reach Okazaki Castle.[53] However, The Tokugawa Nikki theory were doubted by modern historians, since it was not the shortest route for Ieyasu to reach Mikawa from his starting position at Sakai,[54] while on the other hand, it also considered as very risky path due to the existence of Iga ikki clans which were hostile to Oda and Tokugawa clan.[55][56]
- The Mikawa Toda-Hon stated that Ieyasu went north from Ogawadate, crossed Koka, and entered Seishu Seki (from Shigaraki, passed through Aburahi and entered Tsuge in Iga.[56] This theory were championed by Modern Japanese historians such as Tatsuo Fujita from Mie University, have expressed doubts about the credibility of story regarding Hattori Hanzō's ninja helping Ieyasu, given that the story does not appear until the 18th century during the rule of Tokugawa Yoshimune.[56] This theory were championed by a group or history researchers of Mie city, which happened to be the descendants of Kōka ikki clans also supported this route theory, and before they reached Kada pass where they could be escorted by the Kōka clan Jizamurai, Ieyasu mostly depended his protection on his high-rank vassals, particularly the four Shitennō (Tokugawa clan) generals of Tokugawa clan, rather than the popular theory about the help of "Iga Ninja" clans.[55]
Regardless which theory is true, historians agreed that the track ended Kada(a mountain pass between Kameyama town and Iga), Tokugawa group suffered a last attack by the Ochimusha-gari outlaws at Kada pass where they reached the territory of Kōka ikki clans of Jizamurai who are friendly to the Tokugawa clan. The Koka ikki samurais assisted Ieyasu to eliminate the threats of Ochimusha-gari outlaws and escorting them until they reached Iga Province, where they further protected by other allied clans from Iga ikki which accompany the Ieyasu group until they safely reach Mikawa.[52] There are 34 Tokugawa retainers who accompany Ieyasu such as Sakai Tadatsugu, Ii Naomasa, and Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa and many others.[25]: 314–315 [51][57]
Portuguese missionary Luís Fróis has recorded in his work History of Japan, that during this journey, Tokugawa retainers such as Sakai Tadatsugu, Ii Naomasa and Honda Tadakatsu fought their way out against the raids and harassments of Ochimusha-gari outlaws during their march escorting Ieyasu, while sometimes also paying bribes of gold and silver to the Ochimusha-gari outlaws which they could bribe.[58] Matsudaira Ietada recorded in his journal, Ietada nikki (家忠日記), the escorts of Ieyasu during the journey in Iga consisted the escorts of Ieyasu has killed around 200 outlaws during their journey from Osaka.[59][60]
Tokugawa expansion (1582–1584)[edit]
Kai and Shinano campaign[edit]
In 1582, Tenshō-Jingo War broke out between the Tokugawa clan and Hōjō clan in a contest to gain control the area of Shinano Province, Ueno region, and Kai Province Kai Province (currently Gunma Prefecture), which has been vacant since the destruction of Takeda clan and the death of Oda Nobunaga. Ieyasu lead an army of 8,000 soldiers entering Kai, Shinano Province, and Ueno, to annex it. However, the Hōjō clan in the Kantō region also led an army of 55,000 men and crossed the Usui Pass to invade Shinano Province.[61] At first, Ieyasu split his forces by dispatching Tadatsugu and Ogasawara Nobumine with detachment to pacify Shinano Province, while Ieyasu took the main army to pacify Kai. However, Tadatsugu and Nobumine met with unexpected resistance from Suwa Yoritada, a former Takeda vassal who now allied with the Hōjō clan.[62] they were beaten by Moritada, forcing Tadatsugu to retreat and rejoin Ieyasu's main forces in Wakamiko.[63]
In the battle of Wakamiko, 8,000 Tokugawa soldiers fought against around 50,000 soldiers of Hojo soldiers led by Hōjō Ujinao.[63][64] In the middle of this conflict, Ieyasu manage to further recruit more samurais formerly served various Takeda generals such as Obata Nobusada,[e], Ichijō Nobutatsu, Yamagata Masakage, and Hara Masatane through the assistance of Ii Naomasa as he correspondent around 41 letters.[66][67] In total, more than 800 vassals of Takeda clan from Kofu Province recruited by Ieyasu while they are still fought the Hōjō for 80 days.[68]
In the final phase of this war, during the battle of Kurokoma,[69] Tokugawa dispatched Mizuno Katsushige and Torii Mototada to lead 2,000 soldiers in raid operation, where they managed to repel the 10,000 Hōjō army detachment which led by Hōjō Ujinao.[70] Katsunari participated in this assault together with colleague Yasusada Miyake. Hōjō Ujikatsu saw this and went to Ujitada's rescue, but Katsunari and Miyake manage to repel Ujikatsu's reinforcements. despite some quarrel with Mototada as he viewed Katsunari being reckless and not following order, Katsunari were praised for his outstanding performance and received some rewards.[71] The Hōjō army also failed to launch attack to Tokugawa's rear army.[70]
Due to the losses Ujinao suffered in this battle, which combined with the defection of Sanada Masayuki to the Tokugawa side has forced the Hōjō clan to negotiate truce with Ieyasu.[72] and The Hōjō clan then sent Hōjō Ujinobu as representative, while the Tokugawa sent Ii Naomasa as representative.[73][74] As now the peace agreement with Hojo clan secured, Ieyasu once again sent Tadatsugu in December to subdue Suwa Yoritada at Suwa in Shinano. This time Tadatsugue manage to subdue Yoritada and secure his surrender to the Tokugawa clan.[75]
In 1583, a war for rule over Japan was fought between Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Shibata Katsuie. Ieyasu did not take a side in this conflict, building on his reputation for both caution and wisdom. Hideyoshi defeated Katsuie at the Battle of Shizugatake. With this victory, Hideyoshi became the single most powerful daimyo in Japan.[25]: 314
Ieyasu and Hideyoshi (1584–1598)[edit]
Conflict with Hideyoshi[edit]
In 1584, Ieyasu decided to support Oda Nobukatsu, the eldest surviving son and heir of Oda Nobunaga, against Toyotomi Hideyoshi. This was a dangerous act and could have resulted in the annihilation of the Tokugawa clan, due to the fact that the Oda clan collapsed after Nobunaga's death.[76] Tokugawa troops took the traditional Oda stronghold of Owari. Hideyoshi responded by sending an army into Owari. Ieyasu decided to confront Hideyoshi's forces in Komaki, as his general, Sakakibara Yasumasa suggested the area were favorable for the Tokugawa force to fight the incoming enemies from the west.[77]
At first, Ieyasu ordered his generals Mizuno Tadashige and Mizuno Katsunari to capture Hoshizaki Castle.[78] Then as a Toyotomi army vanguards under the command of Toyotomi Hidetsugu start entering the area of Komaki, Ieyasu sent Yasumasa and Osuga Yasutaka for surprise attack and inflicted heavy losses to Hidetsugu army. before they stopped by Hori Hidemasa. Hidemasa himself decided to retreat as Ieyasu then brought his main forces forward.[79] Later, as another Toyotomi vanguard led by Mori Nagayoshi entered the area, Ieyasu has his senior generals Sakai Tadatsugu, Okudaira Nobumasa, and Matsudaira Ietada beat Nagayoshi's troops and forcing him retreat.[80] In the last phase of this series of engagements, Nagayoshi returned again along with other Toyotomi general. Ikeda Tsuneoki. However, both of them were repeatedly beaten at the field of Nagakute by Mizuno Katsunari,[81] and later, Ii Naomasa, causing the Toyotomi forces suffered heavy losses as both Tsuneoki and Nagayoshi were killed in the battle.[82][83]
After the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute in April, the front line in northern Owari reached stalemate. At this time, Kanie Castle was located about three miles between Ieyasu's Kiyosu Castle and Nobuo's Nagashima Castle, and was connected to the Mie moat and three castles: Ono Castle, Shimojima Castle, and Maeda Castle. At that time, Kanie castle were facing the sea and was one of the leading ports in Owari, along with Atsuta and Tsushima. Then in June 18, Ieyasu and Nobuo led 20,000 soldiers and besieged three castles: Kanie Castle, Maeda Castle, and Shimojima Castle.[84] The Kanie castle were defended by Maeda Nagatane and Takigawa Kazumasu. Tadatsugu, Okanabe Mori, and Yamaguchi Shigemasa spearheading the attack towards Shimojima castle, while Sakakibara Yasumasa, Osuga Yasutaka were deployed to capture any fleeing defenders.[85][86] During this siege, Ieyasu's Hatamoto retainers such as Mizuno Katsunari blockaded the port of the castle, and hijacked two ships belongs to Kuki Yoshitaka, to prevent any outside help for Kanie castle.[87] After the fall of Shimojima castle, On June 22, Oda Nobuo and Tokugawa Ieyasu launch an all-out attack on Kanie Castle. The soldiers led by Tadatsugu, who has been deployed at the major entrance, were exhausted after days of fierce fighting, and in the evening, the soldiers of Yasumasa Sakakibara and Ietada Matsudaira entered Kaimonjiguchi in their place.[88] On June 23, Ieyasu entered the castle with Sakakibara Yasumasa, thus the castle were subdued. [84]
Becoming a vassal of Toyotomi Regency[edit]
The conflict with Hideyoshi become dragged down, until Nobukatsu decided to surrender to Hideyoshi. By this event, Ieyasu lost his motivation to further oppose Hideyoshi, then decided to also submit to Hideyoshi.[89][90] After the peace negotiation between Ieasu Tokugawa with Toyotomi Hideyoshi on the aftermath of battle of Komaki and Nagakute, Tadatsugu, Naomasa, Tadakatsu, and Yasumasa gained fame in Kyoto. Then in following month, the three of them joined by Tadatsugu Sakai to accompany Ieyasu in his personal trip to Kyoto, where the four of them "became famous".[91]
However, on November 13, 1585, Ishikawa Kazumasa defected from Ieyasu to Hideyoshi.[92]
in 1590 May, Naomasa participated in the Toyotomi forces during the campaign against the Hōjō clan. The siege of Odawara as the last Hōjō clan stronghold almost saw no significant military action, with the exception of Naomasa night raid attack. This happened after, after a group of miners from Kai Province dug under the castle walls, allowing men under Ii Naomasa to enter and engage the enemy.[93] After the surrender of the Hōjō clan, Ieyasu sent Naomasa and Sakakibara Yasumasa with 1,500 soldiers to witness the Seppuku suicide ritual procession of the defeated enemy generals, Hōjō Ujimasa and Hōjō Ujiteru.[94] As result of his meritorious service during this campaign, Naomasa were awarded with increase of domain stipends to 120,000 Koku.[95]
Later in October 28 of the same year, a massive rebellion against the Toyotomi government in Mutsu Province which incited by Hienuki Hirotada and Waga Yoshitada has broke out. In response, Hideyoshi sent a punitive expedition with 30,000 army in strength led by Ieyasu Tokugawa, Toyotomi Hidetsugu, Date Masamune, Ishida Mitsunari, Ōtani Yoshitsugu, Gamō Ujisato, Uesugi Kagekatsu, Satake Yoshishige, and Maeda Toshiie, in order to pacify those rebellions.[96]
Subsequent with Waga-Hienuki rebellion, Kunohe rebellion also broke out in March 13 1591. This causing the punitive expedition army to take measure of this development by splitting their forces as Ieyasu, Naomasa, Ujisato, and some commanders were now changing their focus to suppress Masazane's rebellion first.[97][98] During the operation against the Kunohe clan rebels, Naomasa Ii became the vanguard with Nanbu Nobunao. As they advanced towards Kunohe castle, they faced a small forces of Kunohe rebels which easily defeated.[97] As they approached the Kunohe castle, Naomasa suggested to the other commanders to besiege the Kunohe's castle until they surrender, which met with agreement from them.[99] On 4 September, the rebels executed the prisoners inside the castle and committing mass suicide after setting fire which burned the castle for three days and three nights and killed all within.[100][97][96]
The rebellions finally being suppressed June 20 with Waga Yoshitada being slain in battle,[101] while Hienuki Hirotada sentenced to "Kaieki law" which stated that he and his clan's status and rights as samurai being stripped.[102]
Ruler of Kantō region[edit]
In 1591, Ieyasu now gave up control of his five provinces (Mikawa, Tōtōmi, Suruga, Shinano, and Kai) and moved all his soldiers and vassals to his new eight provinces at the Kantō region. The moment Ieyasu appointed to rule Kantō, he immediately assign his premier vassals such as Ii Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Sakai Ietsugu, son of Sakai Tadatsugu, each to control large area of the former Hōjō clan territories in Kantō. Historian saw this step were aimed to bring order the newly subdued population of the area, while also guard the eastern domains from any influence or threat from the Satomi clan which has not yet submit to Toyotomi rule at that time.[103][104] Meanwhile, Ieyasu himself establish his personal new seat of power on Edo town, which at that time was an underdeveloped town in Kantō.[105] Historian Adam Sadler saw this step as the riskiest move Ieyasu ever made—to leave his home province and rely on the uncertain loyalty of the formerly Hōjō samurai in Kantō. In the end however, it worked out brilliantly for Ieyasu. He reformed the Kantō region, controlled and pacified the Hōjō samurai and improved the underlying economic infrastructure of the lands. Also, because Kantō was somewhat isolated from the rest of Japan, Ieyasu was able to ally with daimyos of north-east Japan such as Date Masamune, Mogami Yoshiaki, Satake Yoshishige and Nanbu Nobunao; he was also able to maintain a unique level of autonomy from Toyotomi Hideyoshi's rule. Within a few years, Ieyasu had become the second most powerful daimyo in Japan. There is a Japanese proverb which likely refers to this event: "Ieyasu won the Empire by retreating."[106] In the end, Ieyasu organized the Kanto provinces and also took control of the Hojo samurai and He established peace there. He built sustainable economic infrastructure in these provinces.[107]
In 1592, Toyotomi Hideyoshi invaded Korea as a prelude to his plan to attack China. The Tokugawa samurai never actually took part in this campaign.
In 1593, Toyotomi Hideyoshi fathered a son and heir, Toyotomi Hideyori. Later, though in early 1593, Ieyasu himself was summoned to Hideyoshi's court in Nagoya (in Kyūshū, different from the similarly spelled city in Owari Province) as a military advisor and given command of a body of troops meant as reserves for the Korean campaign. Ieyasu stayed in Nagoya off and on for the next five years.[25] Despite his frequent absences, Ieyasu's sons, loyal retainers and vassals were able to control and improve Edo and the other new Tokugawa lands. However, the cost of the Japanese invasions of Korea significantly weakened the Toyotomi clan's power in Japan.
Rise to power & Japan unification (1598–1603)[edit]
Council of Five Elders[edit]
In 1598, with Toyotomi Hideyoshi's health clearly failing, Hideyoshi called a meeting that would determine the Council of Five Elders, who would be responsible for ruling on behalf of his son after his death. The five that were chosen as tairō (regent) for Hideyori were Maeda Toshiie, Mōri Terumoto, Ukita Hideie, Uesugi Kagekatsu, and Ieyasu himself, who was the most powerful of the five. This change in the pre-Sekigahara power structure became pivotal as Ieyasu turned his attention towards Kansai; and at the same time, other ambitious (albeit ultimately unrealized) plans, such as the Tokugawa initiative establishing official relations with New Spain (modern-day Mexico), continued to unfold and advance.[108][109]
Death of Hideyoshi and Toshiie[edit]
Toyotomi Hideyoshi, after three more months of increasing sickness, died on September 18, 1598. He was nominally succeeded by his young son Hideyori but as he was just five years old, real power was in the hands of the regents.[citation needed] There are several incidents involved Ieyasu after the death of Hideyoshi:
- The government of Japan under Toyotomi rule have an accident when seven military generals consisted of Fukushima Masanori, Katō Kiyomasa, Ikeda Terumasa, Hosokawa Tadaoki, Asano Yoshinaga, Katō Yoshiaki, and Kuroda Nagamasa planned a conspiracy to kill Ishida Mitsunari. It was said that the reason of this conspiracy was dissatisfaction of those generals towards Mitsunari as he wrote bad assessments and underreported the achievements of those generals during the Imjin war against Korea & Chinese empire.[110] At first, these generals gathered at Kiyomasa's mansion in Osaka Castle, and from there they moved into Mitsunari's mansion. However, Mitsunari learned of this through a report from a servant of Toyotomi Hideyori named Jiemon Kuwajima, and fled to Satake Yoshinobu's mansion together with Shima Sakon and others to hide.[110] When the seven generals found out Mitsunari was not in the mansion, they searched the mansions of various feudal lords in Osaka Castle, and Katō's army also approached the Satake residence. Therefore, Mitsunari and his party escaped from the Satake residence and barricaded themselves at Fushimi Castle.[111] The next day, the seven generals surrounded Fushimi Castle with their soldiers as they knew Mitsunari was hiding there. Ieyasu]], who was in charge of political affairs in Fushimi Castle during that moment, attempted to arbitrate the situation. The seven generals requested Ieyasu to hand over Mitsunari, which refused by Ieyasu. Ieyasu then negotiated the promised to let Mitsunari retire and to review the assessment of the Battle of Ulsan Castle in Korea which became the major source of this incident, and had his second son, Yūki Hideyasu, to escort Mitsunari to Sawayama Castle. The seven generals reached agreement with Ieyasu to give pardon for Mitsunari, in condition that Mitsunari retire from his position as regent and he should reassess the administration records about the Korean war involving those generals.[112][f]
- In 1599, there are riot occurred within the Ukita clan, as several of Ukita clan vassals such as Togawa tatsuyasu,[115] Sadatsuna Oka, and others rebelled against Hideie.[116] At first, Ieyasu sent his general Sakakibara Yasumasa to intermediate the disputes between Ukita Hideie with his rebellious vassals. however, as the situation does not resolved for long time, Ieyasu ordered Yasumasa to return to his post and decide to resolve the case himself. In the end, Ieyasu himself managed to solve the case and averted the civil war between two faction. However, the aftermath of this incident causing many of Hideie retainers such as Sakazaki Naomori changing their allegiance into Ieyasu Tokugawa and leaving Hideie. This defections has caused massive setback for the Ukita clan politically and militarily while strengthening Ieyasu.[117]
- In April of the same year, Ieyasu cited Hideyoshi's will as pretext for him to review the decision regarding the Mōri clan territories that Mitsunari had pushed through, and pressed Mōri Terumoto to allocate part of Nagato Province and Suō Province to Mōri Hidemoto.[118] In June, the Ieyasu's manifesto to curtail Terumoto's domains implemented, as Hidemoto now given the former Mōri Motokiyo territory of Nagato, Yoshiki District in Suō, Aki, and Bingo, leaving Kikkawa Hiroie's territory intact, and returned Kobayakawa Takakage's estate to Terumoto.[119]
- Ieyasu also had his general and diplomat, Ii Naomasa, establish close contact with the scions of Kuroda clan, Kuroda Yoshitaka and Kuroda Nagamasa, and gained political support from them.[120]
Conflict with Mitsunari[edit]
With the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1598 and Maeda Toshiie in 1599, Ieyasu led an army to Fushimi and took over Osaka Castle, the residence of Hideyori. This angered the three remaining regents and plans were made on all sides for war.[citation needed]
Opposition to Ieyasu centered around Ishida Mitsunari, one of Hideyoshi's Go-Bugyō, or top administrators of Hideyoshi's government and a powerful daimyo who was not one of the regents. Mitsunari plotted Ieyasu's death and news of this plot reached some of Ieyasu's generals. They attempted to kill Mitsunari but he fled and gained protection from none other than Ieyasu himself. It is not clear why Ieyasu protected a powerful enemy from his own men but Ieyasu was a master strategist and he may have concluded that he would be better off with Mitsunari leading the enemy army rather than one of the regents, who would have more legitimacy.[121]
Nearly all of Japan's daimyo and samurai now split into two factions—the Western Army (Mitsunari's group) and the Eastern Army (Ieyasu's group). Ieyasu supported the anti-Mitsunari group, and formed them as his potential allies. Ieyasu's allies were Katō Kiyomasa, Fukushima Masanori, Mogami Yoshiaki, Hachisuka Iemasa, the Kuroda clan, the Hosokawa clan and many daimyo from eastern Japan. Mitsunari allied himself with the three other regents: Ukita Hideie, Mōri Terumoto, and Uesugi Kagekatsu, as well as with Ōtani Yoshitsugu, Chosokabe clan, Shimazu clan and many daimyo from the western end of Honshū.[citation needed]
War became imminent when Uesugi Kagekatsu, one of Hideyoshi's appointed regents, defied Ieyasu by building up his military at Aizu. When Ieyasu officially condemned him and demanded that he come to Kyoto to explain himself, Kagekatsu's chief advisor, Naoe Kanetsugu, responded with a counter-condemnation that mocked Ieyasu's abuses and violations of Hideyoshi's rules, and Ieyasu was infuriated.
In July 1600, Ieyasu was back in Edo and his allies moved their armies to defeat the Uesugi clan, which they accused of planning to revolt against Toyotomi administration. On September 8, Ieyasu received information that Mitsunari had captured Fushimi castle and his allies had moved their army against Ieyasu. Ieyasu held a meeting with the Eastern Army daimyo, and they agreed to follow Ieyasu. Later on September 15, Mitsunari's Western army arrived at Ogaki Castle. On September 29, Ieyasu's Eastern Army took Gifu Castle. On October 7, Ieyasu and his allies marched along the Tōkaidō, while his son Hidetada went along through Nakasendō with 38,000 soldiers (a battle against Sanada Masayuki in Shinano Province delayed Hidetada's forces, and they did not arrive in time for the main Battle of Sekigahara).[122]
Battle of Sekigahara[edit]
The Battle of Sekigahara was the biggest and one of the most important battles in Japanese feudal history. It began on October 21, 1600. Initially, the Eastern Army led by Tokugawa Ieyasu had 75,000 men, while the Western Army numbered 120,000 men under Ishida Mitsunari. Ieyasu had also snuck in a supply of arquebuses.
Knowing that the Tokugawa forces were heading towards Osaka, Mitsunari decided to abandon his positions and marched to Sekigahara. Even though the Western Army had tremendous tactical advantages, Ieyasu had already been in contact with many of the daimyo in the Western Army for months, promising them land and leniency after the battle should they switch sides, also having secretly communicated with Toyotomi Hideyoshi's nephew, Kobayakawa Hideaki. With a total of 170,000 soldiers facing each other, the Battle of Sekigahara ensued and ended with a complete Tokugawa victory.[123]
Later, the Western bloc was crushed and over the next few days Ishida Mitsunari and other western leaders such as Konishi Yukinaga and Ankokuji Ekeiwere captured and executed.[124] However, Ieyasu also angry to his son Hidetada, due to the late arrival of Hidetada army which caused to the dragged and unexpectedly long siege against Ueda castle, although the situation were quickly mitigated by Sakakibara Yasumasa who offered explanation and testified in defense of Hidetada.[122] Meanwhile, Ieyasu also gave his pardon for his enemies who defended the Ueda castle, Sanada Masayuki and Sanada Yukimura at the behest of Ii Naomasa and Sanada Nobuyuki.[125] Ieyasu also redistribute the domain fiefs all daimyo lords who supported him during the war, such as the increase of Ii Naomasa into 180,000 koku.[126] Ikeda Terumasa into 520,000 Koku.[127] Tōdō Takatora for new domain which assessed at total of 200,000 koku,[42]
Meanwhile, regarding the losers of Sekigahara war, Ieyasu left some western daimyo unharmed, such as the Shimazu clan, but others were completely destroyed. Toyotomi Hideyori (the son of Hideyoshi) lost most of his territory which were under management of western daimyo, and he was degraded to an ordinary daimyo, not a Sesshō and Kampaku (regent) of Japan empire. In later years the vassals who had pledged allegiance to Ieyasu before Sekigahara became known as the fudai daimyō, while those who pledged allegiance to him after the battle (in other words, after his power was unquestioned) were known as tozama daimyō. Tozama daimyō were considered inferior to fudai daimyō.[citation needed]
Shōgun (1603–1605)[edit]
On March 24, 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu received the title of shōgun from Emperor Go-Yōzei.[128] Ieyasu was 60 years old. He had outlasted all the other great men of his times: Oda Nobunaga, Takeda Shingen, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Uesugi Kenshin. As shōgun, he used his remaining years to create and solidify the Tokugawa shogunate, which ushered in the Edo period, and was the third shogunal government (after the Kamakura and the Ashikaga). He claimed descent from the Minamoto clan who had founded the Kamakura shogunate, by way of the Nitta clan. His descendants would marry into the Taira clan and the Fujiwara clan. The Tokugawa shogunate would rule Japan for the next 260 years.[3]
Following a well established Japanese pattern, Ieyasu abdicated his official position as shōgun in 1605. His successor was his son and heir, Tokugawa Hidetada. There may have been several factors that contributed to his decision, including his desires to avoid being tied up in ceremonial duties, to make it harder for his enemies to attack the real power center, and to secure a smoother succession of his son.[129] The abdication of Ieyasu had no effect on the practical extent of his powers or his rule; but Hidetada nevertheless assumed a role as formal head of the shogunal bureaucracy.[citation needed]
Ōgosho (1605–1616)[edit]
Construction of Edo castle[edit]
From 1605, Ieyasu, acting as the retired shōgun (大御所, ōgosho), remained the effective ruler of Japan until his death. Ieyasu retired to Sunpu Castle in Sunpu, but he also supervised the building of Edo Castle, a massive construction project which lasted for the rest of Ieyasu's life. The result was the largest castle in all of Japan, the costs for building the castle being borne by all the other daimyo, while Ieyasu reaped all the benefits. The central donjon, or tenshu, burned in the 1657 Meireki fire. Today, the Imperial Palace stands on the site of the castle.[130]
In 1611, Ieyasu, at the head of 50,000 men, visited Kyoto to witness the enthronement of Emperor Go-Mizunoo. In Kyoto, Ieyasu ordered the remodeling of the Imperial Court and buildings, and forced the remaining western daimyo to sign an oath of fealty to him.[citation needed]
In 1613, he composed the Kuge shohatto (公家諸法度), a document which put the court daimyo under strict supervision, leaving them as mere ceremonial figureheads.[131]
In 1615, Ieyasu prepared the Buke shohatto (武家諸法度), a document setting out the future of the Tokugawa regime.[132]
Relations with foreign powers[edit]
As Ōgosho, Ieyasu also supervised diplomatic affairs with the Netherlands, Spain, and England. Ieyasu chose to distance Japan from European influence starting in 1609, although the shogunate did still grant preferential trading rights to the Dutch East India Company and permitted them to maintain a "factory" for trading purposes.[citation needed]
From 1605 until his death, Ieyasu frequently consulted English shipwright and pilot, William Adams.[133] Adams, a Protestant[134] fluent in Japanese, assisted the shogunate in negotiating trading relations, but was cited by members of the competing Jesuit and Spanish-sponsored mendicant orders as an obstacle to improved relations between Ieyasu and the Roman Catholic Church.[135][136][137]
Significant attempts to curtail the influence of Christian missionaries in Japan date to 1587 during the leadership of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. However, in 1614, Ieyasu was sufficiently concerned about Spanish territorial ambitions that he signed a Christian Expulsion Edict. The edict banned the practice of Christianity and led to the expulsion of all foreign missionaries. Although some smaller Dutch trading operations remained in Nagasaki, this edict dramatically curtailed foreign trade and marked the end of open Christian witness in Japan until the 1870s.[138] The immediate cause of the prohibition was the Okamoto Daihachi incident, a case of fraud involving Ieyasu's Catholic vavasour, but the shogunate was also concerned about a possible invasion by the Iberian colonial powers, which had previously occurred in the New World and the Philippines.[citation needed]
Conflict with Hideyori[edit]
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The last remaining threat to Ieyasu's rule was Toyotomi Hideyori, the son and rightful heir to Hideyoshi.[3] He was now a young daimyo living in Osaka Castle. Many samurai who opposed Ieyasu rallied around Hideyori, claiming that he was the rightful ruler of Japan. Ieyasu found fault with the opening ceremony of a temple (Great Buddha of Kyoto) built by Hideyori; it was as if he prayed for Ieyasu's death and the ruin of the Tokugawa clan. Ieyasu ordered Hideyori to leave Osaka Castle, but those in the castle refused and summoned samurai to gather within the castle. Then in 1614, Tokugawa besieged the Osaka Castle against Hideyori.
Siege of Osaka[edit]
The Tokugawa forces, with a huge army led by Ieyasu and shōgun Hidetada, laid siege to Osaka Castle in what is now known as "the Winter Siege of Osaka". Eventually, the Tokugawa were able to force negotiations and an armistice after directed cannon fire threatened Hideyori's mother, Yodo-dono. However, once the treaty was agreed, the Tokugawa filled the castle's outer moats with sand so his troops could walk across. Through this ploy, the Tokugawa gained a huge tract of land through negotiation and deception that they could not through siege and combat. Ieyasu returned to Sunpu Castle, but after Toyotomi Hideyori refused another order to leave Osaka, Ieyasu and his allied army of 155,000 soldiers attacked Osaka Castle again in "the Summer Siege of Osaka".
Finally, in late 1615, Osaka Castle fell and nearly all the defenders were killed, including Hideyori, his mother (Toyotomi Hideyoshi's widow, Yodo-dono), and his infant son. His wife, Senhime (a granddaughter of Ieyasu), pleaded to save Hideyori and Yodo-dono's lives. Ieyasu refused and either required them to commit ritual suicide, or killed both of them. Eventually, Senhime was sent back to the Tokugawa alive. With the Toyotomi line finally extinguished, no threats remained to the Tokugawa clan's domination of Japan.[citation needed]
In 1616, Tokugawa Ieyasu died at age 73.[8] The cause of death is thought to have been cancer or syphilis. The first Tokugawa shōgun was posthumously deified with the name Tōshō Daigongen (東照大權現), the "Great Gongen, Light of the East". (A Gongen is believed to be a buddha who has appeared on Earth in the shape of a kami to save sentient beings). In life, Ieyasu had expressed the wish to be deified after his death to protect his descendants from evil. His remains were buried at the Gongens' mausoleum at Kunōzan, Kunōzan Tōshō-gū (久能山東照宮). As a common view, many people believe that after the first anniversary of his death, his remains were reburied at Nikkō Shrine, Nikkō Tōshō-gū (日光東照宮), and his remains are still there. Neither shrine has offered to open the graves, so the location of Ieyasu's physical remains is still a mystery. The mausoleum's architectural style became known as gongen-zukuri, that is gongen-style.[139] He was first given the Buddhist name Tosho Dai-Gongen (東照大權現), then after his death it was changed to Hogo Onkokuin (法號安國院).[citation needed]
Ieyasu ruled directly as shōgun or indirectly as ōgosho (大御所) during the Keichō era (1596–1615).[citation needed]
Personal info[edit]
Historical evaluation of Ieyasu by Junji Mitsunari from history faculty of Kyushu University has comparation of Ieyasu's upbringing with another Sengoku era leader, Mōri Terumoto. Mitsunari viewed that Terumoto, who has been raised in comfort and stable domains of the Mōri clan, has contrasted with the hardships of Ieyasu during his childhood, who experienced the unstable region in Mikawa province, where he spend much his youth as hostage of other warlords, thus forming both leader's character into different styles. Mitsunari viewed that this contrast of leadership style has reflected in the Sekigahara battle, where the indecisiveness of Terumoto costed the Western army greatly during the crucial moment, while Ieyasu's bold decision and his willingness to take the risk gave him the edge during the war.[140] John T. Kuehn saw Ieyasu was capable of complex long game strategies both politically and militarily as he shown during his conflict against Ishida Mitsunari. Kuehn saw that the Siege of Fushimi Castle was Ieyasu's deliberate strategy to sacrifice the castle and baiting Mitsunari into set-piece battle, where his more battle proven forces has advantage than Mitsunari.[141]
Hamada Koichiro from Himeji Dokkyo University university has recorded that there is systematic attempt of historiography studies during the aftermath of Meiji Restoration to portray Ieyasu in negative reputation as "cunning old man" who used the temple's bell of Hokoji as casus belli to wage war against Hideyori. Koichiro saw this tendency of Ieyasu to resort into underhanded tactics were quite justified at some extend for different reason, namely was how his attempt in suppressing the Mikawa Ikkō-ikki rebellion by breaking his promise to give leinency for Jōdo Shinshū followers in exchange of surrender. However, Koichiro also points out that Ieyasu were also capable of bravery as he shown for personally enter the battlefied during the rebellion, while also pointing out several anecdotes of Ieyasu during his youth has shown promise as capable military tactician when he still under the wing of Imagawa clan.[142]
He was capable of great loyalty: once he allied with Oda Nobunaga, he never went against him, and both leaders profited from their long alliance. He was known for being loyal towards his personal friends and vassals, whom he rewarded. He was said to have a close friendship with his vassal Hattori Hanzō. However, he also remembered those who had wronged him in the past. It is said that Ieyasu executed a man who came into his power because he had insulted him when Ieyasu was young.[143]
Ieyasu protected many former Takeda retainers from the wrath of Oda Nobunaga, who was known to harbour a bitter grudge towards the Takeda. He managed successfully to transform many of the retainers of the Takeda, Hōjō, and Imagawa clans —all whom he had defeated himself or helped to defeat—into loyal vassals. At the same time, he was also ruthless when crossed. For example, he ordered the executions of his first wife and his eldest son—a son-in-law of Oda Nobunaga; Nobunaga was also an uncle of Hidetada's wife Oeyo.[144]
Ieyasu was cruel, relentless and merciless in the elimination of Toyotomi survivors after Osaka. For days, scores of men and women were hunted down and executed, including an eight-year-old son of Toyotomi Hideyori by a concubine, who was beheaded.[145] However, Ieyasu also known to be capable of forgiven, such as how he gave pardon to Watanabe Moritsuna after he rebelled against Ieyasu during Ikkō-ikki uprisings in Mikawa.[146]
Unlike Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he harbored no desires to conquer outside of Japan—he only wanted to bring order and an end to open warfare, and to rule Japan.[147]
Ieyasu's favorite pastime was falconry. He regarded it as excellent training for a warrior. "When you go into the country hawking, you learn to understand the military spirit and also the hard life of the lower classes. You exercise your muscles and train your limbs. You have any amount of walking and running and become quite indifferent to heat and cold, and so you are little likely to suffer from any illness.".[148] Ieyasu swam often; even late in his life he is reported to have swum in the moat of Edo Castle.[149]
Two of his famous quotes:
Life is like unto a long journey with a heavy burden. Let thy step be slow and steady, that thou stumble not. Persuade thyself that imperfection and inconvenience are the lot of natural mortals, and there will be no room for discontent, neither for despair. When ambitious desires arise in thy heart, recall the days of extremity thou hast passed through. Forbearance is the root of all quietness and assurance forever. Look upon the wrath of thy enemy. If thou only knowest what it is to conquer, and knowest not what it is to be defeated; woe unto thee, it will fare ill with thee. Find fault with thyself rather than with others.[150]
The strong manly ones in life are those who understand the meaning of the word patience. Patience means restraining one's inclinations. There are seven emotions: joy, anger, anxiety, adoration, grief, fear, and hate, and if a man does not give way to these he can be called patient. I am not as strong as I might be, but I have long known and practiced patience. And if my descendants wish to be as I am, they must study patience.[151][152]
It is said that he fought, as a warrior or a general, in 90 battles.[citation needed]
He was interested in various kenjutsu skills, was a patron of the Yagyū Shinkage-ryū school, and also had them as his personal sword instructors.[citation needed]
Religion[edit]
Tokugawa Ieyasu was known for his devotion to the Jōdo-shū school of Buddhism throughout his life, having been born into the Matsudaira clan which followed Jōdō Buddhism. Demonstrating his constant favor towards the sect, he moved his familial temple to the Zōjō-ji Temple in Edo and funded massive renovations to older Jōdo temples, including the head temple of Chion-in in Kyoto, while also financing the creation of several new temples. After confiding in the abbot of Zōjō-ji temple about wanting to become a deity to protect his country, he was given the advice to regularly recite the nembutsu for the purpose of being born into Amida Buddha's Pure Land of Sukhavati, where he would be able to easily attain Buddhahood and protect his descendants and the entire nation of Japan. Ieyasu readily accepted this advice, and constantly repeated the nembutsu until the day he died. Despite his personal devotion to Jōdo-shū, Ieyasu was not a strict sectarian, placing his secretary Denchōrō, a Rinzai Zen monk, in charge of all religious affairs in Japan, Buddhist and Shinto alike.[153][154]
Later in life he also took to scholarship and Confucianism, patronizing scholars like Hayashi Razan.[155][156]
While at first tolerant of Christianity,[157] his attitude changed after 1613 and the persecution of Christians sharply increased, with Ieyasu completely banning Catholicism in 1614.[158]
Honours[edit]
- Senior First Rank (April 14, 1617; posthumously)
Family[edit]
Parents[edit]
| Status | Image | Name | Posthumous Name | Birth | Death | Parents |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Father | Matsudaira Hirotada | Oseidokantokoji | Matsudaira Kiyoyasu Aoki family's daughter | |||
| Mother | Odai no Kata | October 13, 1602 | Mizuno Tadamasa Otomi-no-Kata |
Siblings[edit]
Mother Side[edit]
| Image | Name | Posthumous Name | Birth | Death | Father | Marriage | Issue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matsudaira Yasumoto of Sekiyado Domain | Daiko-in-dono sugurudensoeidaikoji | 1552 | September 19, 1603 | Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526–1587) | Matsudaira Tadayoshi (1582–1624) of Ōgaki Domain Matsudaira Masayoshi Matsudaira Yasuhisa Matsudaira Nobusuke (d.1655) Dōsen-in married Okabe Nagamori (1568–1632) of Ōgaki Domain Ryuko-in married Suganuma Sadayori (1576–1605) of Nagashima Domain Matehime (1598–1638) married Fukushima Masayuki (1858–1602) later married Tsugaru Nobuhira of Hirosaki Domain Tsubakihime married Tanaka Tadamasa (1585–1620) of Yanagawa Domain later married Matsudaira Narishige (1594–1633) of Tamba-Kameyama Domain Shoshitsu’in married Osuga Tadamasa (1581–1607) of Yokosuka Domain later married Suganuma Sadayoshi (1587–1643) of Tamba-Kameyama Domain Jomyo-in married Nakamura Kazutada (1590–1609) of Yonogo Domain later married Mōri Hidemoto of Chofu Domain | ||
| Matsudaira Yasutoshi | 1552 | April 2, 1586 | Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526–1587) | Daughter married Matsudaira Katsumasa | |||
| Hisamatsu Sadakatsu | Sogen-in-dono denyonshinatsugishoukugaentodaikoji | Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526–1587) | Okudaira Tatsu, Okudaira Sadatomo (d.1585)’s daughter | Matsudaira Sadayoshi (1585–1603) Matsudaira Sadayuki (1587–1668) of Kuwana Domain Matsudaira Sadatsuna (1592–1625) of Kuwana Domain Matsudaira Sadazane (1597–1632) Matsudaira Sadafusa (1604–1676) of Imabari Domain Matsudaira Sadamasa (1610–1673) of Kariya Domain Matsuohime married Hattori Masanari Kumahime (1595–1632) married Yamauchi Tadayoshi (1592–1665) of Tosa Domain Daughter married Nakagawa Hisanori (1594–1653) of Oka Domain Kikuhime married Sakai Tadayuki (1599–1636) of Maebashi Domain Shōjuin Married Abe Shigetsugu (1598–1651) of Iwatsuki Domain Tamako married Ikeda Tsunemoto (1611–1671) of Yamasaki Domain | |||
| Take-hime | Chogen-in | 1553 | July 28, 1618 | Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526–1587) | First: Matsudaira Tadamasa (1543–1577) of Sakurai-Matsudaira clan Second: Matsudaira Tadayoshi (1559–1582) of Sakurai-Matsudaira clan Third: Hoshina Masanao |
By First: Matsudaira Iehiro (1577–1601) of Musashi-Matsuyama Domain By Second: Matsudaira Nobuyoshi (1580–1620) of Sasayama Domain Matsudaira Tadayori of Hamamatsu Domain By Third: Hoshina Masasada of Iino Domain Hojo Ujishige (1595–1658) of Kakegawa Domain Seigen’in married Anbe Nobumori (1584–1674) of Okabe Domain Yōhime (1591–1664) married Koide Yoshihide (1587–1666) of Izushi Domain Eihime (1585–1635) married Kuroda Nagamasa of Fukuoka Domain Kōun-in married Kato Akinari (1592–1661) of Aizu Domain | |
| Matsuhime | Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526–1587) | Matsudaira Yasunaga (1562–1633) of Matsumoto Domain | Matsudaira Nagakane (1580–1619) Matsudaira Tadamitsu (1562–1633) Matsudaira Yasunao (1617–1634) of Akashi Domain | ||||
| Tenkeiin | Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526–1587) | Matsudaira Iekiyo of Yoshida Domain | Matsudaira Tadakiyo (1585–1612) of Yoshida Domain |
Wives and concubines[edit]
| Status | Image | Name | Posthumous Name | Birth | Death | Parents | Issue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Wife | Tsukiyama-dono | Shoge-in | September 19, 1579 | Sekiguchi Chikanaga (1518–1562) Ii Naohira's daughter |
Matsudaira Nobuyasu | ||
| Second Wife | Asahi no kata | Nanmeiin | 1543 | February 18, 1590 | |||
| Concubine | Nishigori no Tsubone | Rensho-in | June 19, 1606 | Udono Nagamochi (1513–1557) | Tokuhime (Tokugawa) married Hojo Ujinao later to Ikeda Terumasa of Himeji Domain | ||
| Concubine | Shimoyama-dono | Moshin’in | 1564 | November 21, 1591 | Akiyama Torayasu | Takeda Nobuyoshi of Mito Domain | |
| Concubine |  |
Kageyama-dono | Youjuin | 1580 | October 13, 1653 | Masaki Yoritada (1551–1622) Hojo Ujitaka (d.1609)’s daughter |
Tokugawa Yorinobu of Kishu Domain Tokugawa Yorifusa of Mito Domain |
| Concubine | Kotoku-no-Tsubone | Chōshō-in | 1548 | January 10, 1620 | Nagami Sadahide | Yuki Hideyasu of Fukui Domain | |
| Concubine | Saigō-no-Tsubone | 1552 | July 1, 1589 | Tozuka Tadaharu Saigo Masakatsu's daughter |
|||
| Concubine | Otake no Kata | Ryōun-in | 1555 | April 7, 1637 | Ichikawa Masanaga | Furi-hime (1580–1617) married Gamō Hideyuki of Aizu Domain later to Asano Nagaakira of Hiroshima Domain | |
| Concubine | Chaa-no-Tsubone | Chokoin | July 30, 1621 | Matsudaira Tadateru of Takada Domain Matsudaira Matsuchiyo of Fukaya Domain | |||
| Concubine | Onatsu no Kata | Seiun’in | 1581 | October 24, 1660 | Hasegawa Fujinao | ||
| Concubine | Okaji no Kata | Eishō-in | December 7, 1578 | September 17, 1642 | Ota Yasusuke (1531–1581) | Ichihime (1607–1610) | |
| Concubine | Oume no Kata | Renge-in | 1586 | October 8, 1647 | Aoki Kazunori (d.1600) | ||
| Concubine |  |
Acha no Tsubone | Unkoin | March 16, 1555 | February 16, 1637 | Ida Naomasa | |
| Concubine | Omusu no Kata | Shōei-in | July 26, 1692 | Mitsui Yoshimasa | Stillborn (1592) | ||
| Concubine |  |
Okame no Kata | Sōōin | 1573 | October 9, 1642 | Shimizu Munekiyo | Matsudaira Senchiyo (1595–1600) Tokugawa Yoshinao of Owari Domain |
| Concubine | Osen no Kata | Taiei-in | November 30, 1619 | Miyazaki Yasukage | |||
| Concubine | Oroku no Kata | Yōgen'in | 1597 | May 4, 1625 | Kuroda Naojin | ||
| Concubine | Ohisa no Kata | Fushōin | March 24, 1617 | Mamiya Yasutoshi (1518–1590) | Matsuhime (1595–1598) | ||
| Concubine | Tomiko | Shinju-in | August 7, 1628 | Yamada clan | |||
| Concubine | Omatsu no Kata | Hōkōin | |||||
| Concubine | Sanjo Clan | ||||||
| Concubine | Matsudaira Shigetoshi (1498–1589) |
Children[edit]
| Image | Name | Posthumous Name | Birth | Death | Mother | Marriage | Issue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matsudaira Nobuyasu | Toun-in-dono ryugenchokookyoshiseiroji-dono densanshutegensensudaikoji | Tokuhime (1576–1607) married Ogasawara Hidemasa (1569–1615) of Matsumoto domain Kamehime (1577–1626) married Honda Tadamasa of Himeji Domain By Concubine: Banchiyo | |||||
| Kamehime | |||||||
| Toku-hime | Ryōshō-in | Nishigori no Tsubone | by First: Manshuin-dono (1593) Manhime (d. 1602) Senhime (b. 1596) married Kyokogu Takahiro (1599–1677) of Miyazu Domain By Second: Ikeda Tadatsugu (1599–1615) of Okayama Domain Ikeda Tadakatsu (1602–1632) of Okayama Domain Ikeda Teruzumi (1604–1662) of Shikano Domain Ikeda Masatsuna (1605–1631) Of Akō Domain Furihime (1607–1659) married Date Tadamune of Sendai Domain Ikeda Teruoki (1611–1647) Of Akō Domain | ||||
| Yuki Hideyasu | Jokoin-dono shingendoyounseidaikoji | Kotoku-no-Tsubone | Tsuruko, Edo Shigemichi's daughter | ||||
| Tokugawa Hidetada | May 2, 1579 | ||||||
| Matsudaira Tadayoshi | Shokoin-dono keneigenmodaikoji | ||||||
| Furi-hime | Shōsei-in | 1580 | September 27, 1617 | Otake no Kata | First: Gamō Hideyuki of Aizu Domain Second: Asano Nagaakira of Hiroshima Domain |
By first: Gamō Tadasato (1602–1627) of Aizu Domain Gamō Tadatomo (1604–1634) of Iyo-Matsuyama Domain Yorihime (1602–1656) married Kato Tadahiro (1601–1653) of Dewa-Maruoka Domain By Second: Asano Mitsuakira of Hiroshima Domain | |
| Takeda Nobuyoshi | Joken-in-dono eiyozenkyozugendaizenjomon | Shimoyama-dono | Tenshoin, Kinoshita Katsutoshi's daughter | ||||
| Matsudaira Tadateru | Shorin-in-dono shinyokisogesendaikoji | ||||||
| Matsudaira Matsuchiyo | Eishoin-dono | ||||||
| Matsudaira Senchiyo | Kogakuin-dono kesoiyodaidoji | April 22, 1595 | March 21, 1600 | Okame no Kata | |||
| Matsuhime | 1595 | 1598 | Ohisa no Kata | ||||
| Tokugawa Yoshinao | By Concubines: Tokugawa Mitsutomo of Owari Domain Kyōhime (1626–1674) married Hirohata Tadayuki (1624–1669) | ||||||
| Tokugawa Yorinobu | Nanryuin-dono nihonzeneaiyotenkotakoji | by Concubines: Tokugawa Mitsusada of Kishu Domain Shuri Matsudaira Yorizumi (1641–1711) of Saijō Domain | |||||
| Tokugawa Yorifusa | |||||||
| Ichi-hime | Seiun’in | January 28, 1607 | March 7, 1610 | Okaji no Kata |
Speculated children[edit]
| Image | Name | Posthumous Name | Birth | Death | Mother | Marriage | Issue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suzuki Ichizo | September 10, 1556 | Daughter of Hatago of post station in Totoumi Province | |||||
| Nagami Sadachika | March 1, 1574 | January 5, 1605 | Kotoku-no-Tsubone | Nagami clan's daughter | Nagami Sadayasu | ||
| Matsudaira Minbu | 1582 | 1616 | Omatsu-no-Kata | ||||
| Ogasawara Gonnojō | 1589 | May 7, 1615 | Sanjo Clan | Kondo Hidemochi (1547–1631) of Iinoya Domain's daughter | Son Daughter married Mamiya Nobukatsu Daughter married Nakagawa Tadayuki | ||
| Ii Naotaka | Kyūshō-in-dono Gōtokuten'eidaikoji | ||||||
| Doi Toshikatsu | Hōchiin-dono denshuhoonyotaiokyogendaikoji | Matsudaira Chikakiyo's daughter | By concubines: Doi Toshitaka (1619–1685) of Koga Domain Doi Katsumasa Doi Toshinaga (1631–1696) of Nishio Domain Doi Toshifusa (1631–1683) of Ōno Domain Doi Toshinao (1637–1677) of Ōwa Domain Katsuhime married Ikoma Takatoshi of Yashima Domain Kazuhime married Hori Naotsugu (1614–1638) of Murakami Domain Katsuhime married Matsudaira Yorishige of Takamatsu Domain Inuhime married Inoue Yoshimasa Kahime married Nasu Sukemitsu (1628–1687) of Karasuyama Domain | ||||
| Goto Hiroyo | Juny 24, 1606 | March 14, 1680 | Ohashi-no-Tsubone, Aoyama Masanaga's daughter | ||||
| Tokugawa Iemitsu | Lady Kasuga | By concubines: Chiyohime (1637–1699) married Tokugawa Mitsutomo of Owari Domain Tokugawa Ietsuna, 4th Shogun Kamematsu (1643–1647) Tokugawa Tsunashige of Kofu Domain Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, 5th Shogun Tsurumatsu (1647–1648) |
Adopted children[edit]
| Image | Name | Posthumous Name | Birth | Death | Parents | Marriage | Issue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Komatsuhime | Dairen-in | 1573 | Mar 27, 1620 | Honda Tadakatsu Ohisa no Kata |
Sanada Nobuyuki of Matsushiro Domain | Manhime (b. 1592) married Kōriki Tadafusa of Shimabara Domain Kenju-in married Sakuma Katsumune Sanada Nobumasa of Matsushiro Domain Sanada Nobushige (1599–1648) of Hanishina Domain |
| Tokuhime | Minetaka-in | 1576 | 1607 | Okazaki Nobuyasu Tokuhime |
Ogasawara Hidemasa (1569–1615) | Manhime (1592–1666) married Hachisuka Yoshishige of Tokushima Domain Ogasawara Tadanaga (1595–1615) Ogasawara Tadazane (1596–1667) Hōju-in (1597–1649) Ogasawara Tadatomo (1599–1663) Matsudaira Shigenao (1601–1643) Ogasawara Tadayoshi Ogasawara Nagatoshi | |
 |
Matsudaira Ieharu | Torin’in dokaisosakudaizenzomon | 1579 | April 15, 1592 | Okudaira Nobumasa of Kano Domain Kamehime |
||
| Kanahime | Shōjō-in | 1582 | Nov 3, 1656 | Mizuno Tadashige (1541–1600) Tsuzuki Yoshitoyo’s daughter |
Katō Kiyomasa (1562–1611) of Kumamoto Domain | ||
| Renhime | Chōju-in | 1582 | August 24, 1652 | Matsudaira Yasunao (1569–1593) of Fukaya Domain Honda Hirotaka’s daughter |
Arima Toyouji (1569–1642) of Kurume Domain | Arima Tadayori (1603–1655) of Kurume Domain Arima Nobukata Arima Yoritsugu (1611–1649) | |
| Okudaira Tadamasa | Oyamahoei Kokoku-in | Yoshun’in-dono, Satomi Yoshiyori (1543–1587)’s daughter | Okudaira Tadataka (1608–1632) of Kano Domain | ||||
| Matsudaira Tadaaki | Tenshoin shingangentetsudaikoji | first: Oda Nobukane of Kaibara Domain's daughter Second: Koide Yoshimasa (1565–1613) of Izushi Domain's daughter |
From Concubines: Matsudaira Tadahiro (1631–1700) of Yamagata Domain Matsudaira Kiyomichi (1634–1645) of Himejishinden Domain Murihime married Nabeshima Tadanao (1613–1635) later married Nabeshima Naozumi of Hasunoike Domain daughter married Okubo Tadamoto (1604–1670) of Karatsu Domain daughter married Kyogoku Takatomo (1623–1674) of Mineyama Domain daughter married Shijo Takasube (1611–1647) daughter married Sakakibara Kiyoteru daughter married Osawa Naochika (1624–1681) | ||||
 |
Matehime | Yojuin | 1589 | May 5, 1638 | Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552–1603) of Sekiyado Domain | First: Fukushima Masayuki (1858–1608) Second: Tsugaru Nobuhira of Hirosaki Domain |
By First: Daidōji Naohide II (1606–1636) By Second: Tsugaru Nobufusa (1620–1662) of Kuroishi Domain |
 |
Ei-hime | Dairyō-in | 1585 | March 1, 1635 | Hoshina Masanao Takehime (1553–1618; ieyasu's half-sister) |
Kuroda Nagamasa of Fukuoka Domain | Kuroda Tadayuki (1602–1654) of Fukuoka Domain Tokuko married Sakakibara Tadatsugu (1605–1665) of Himeji Domain Kuroda Nagaoki (1610–1665) of Akizuki Domain Kuroda Takamasa (1612–1639) of Torenji Domain Kameko married Ikeda Teruoki (1611–1647) of Ako Domain |
| Kumahime | Kōshō-in | 1595 | April 12, 1632 | Hisamatsu Sadakatsu of Kuwana Domain Tatsu (Okudaira Sadatomo {d. 1585}’s daughter) |
Yamauchi Tadayoshi (1592–1665) of Tosa Domain | Yamauchi Tadatoyo of Tosa Domain Yamauchi Tadanao of Tosa-Nakamura Domain Kiyohime married Matsushita Nagatsuna (1610–1658) of Miharu Domain | |
| Kunihime | Eijuin | 1595 | April 10, 1649 | Honda Tadamasa of Himeji Domain Kumahime (1577–1626; Matsudaira Nobuyasu’s daughter) |
First: Hori Tadatoshi (1596–1622) of Takada Domain Second: Arima Naozumi of Nobeaka Domain |
by Second: Arima Yasuzumi (1613–1692) of Nobeaka Domain Arima Zumimasa daughter married Honda Masakatsu (1614–1671) of Koriyama Domain Daughter adopted by Honda Masakatsu daughter married Akimoto Tomitomo (1610–1657) of Yamura Domain | |
| Kamehime | Enshō-in | 1597 | November 29, 1643 | Honda Tadamasa of Himeji Domain Kumahime (1577–1626; Matsudaira Nobuyasu’s daughter) |
First: Ogawara Tadanaga (1595–1615) Second: Ogasawara Tadazane of Kokura Domain |
By First: Shigehime (d.1655) married Hachisuka Tadateru of Tokushima Domain Ogasawara Nagatsugu (1615–1666) of Nakatsu Domain By second: Ogasawara Nagayasu (1618–1667) Ichimatsuhime (b. 1627) married Kuroda Mitsuyuki (1628–1707) of Fukuoka Domain Ogasawara Naganobu (1631–1663) Tomohime married Matsudaira Yorimoto (1629–1693) of Nukada Domain Daughter | |
| Manhime | Kyōdaiin | 1592 | February 7, 1666 | Ogasawara Hidemasa (1569–1615) of Matsumoto Domain Tokuhime (1576–1607; Matsudaira Nobuyasu’s daughter) |
Hachisuka Yoshishige of Tokushima Domain | Hachisuka Tadateru of Tokushima Domain Mihohime (1603–1632) married Ikeda Tadakatsu (1602–1632) of Okayama Domain Manhime (1614–1683) married Mizuno Narisada (1603–1650) | |
| Tsubakihime | Kyusho-in | Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552–1603) of Sekiyado Domain | First: Tanaka Tadamasa (1585–1620) of Yanagawa Domain Second: Matsudaira Narishige (1594–1633) of Tamba-Kameyama Domain |
||||
| Jomyo-in | Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552–1603) of Sekiyado Domain | First: Nakamura Kazutada (1590–1609) of Yonogo Domain Second: Mōri Hidemoto of Chofu Domain |
|||||
| Hanahime | Matsudaira Yasuchika (1521–1683), Ebara Masahide's daughter | Ii Naokatsu of Annaka Domain Masako married Matsudaira Tadayoshi of Oshi Domain Kotoko’in married Date Hidemune of Uwajima Domain | |||||
| Ryuko-in | Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552–1603) of Sekiyado Domain | Suganuma Sadayori (1576–1605) of Nagashima Domain | |||||
| Kikuhime | Kogen’in | 1588 | October 28, 1661 | Abe Nagamori (1568–1632) of Ogaki Domain Matsudaira Kiyomune (1538–1605) of Hachiman'yama Domain's daughter |
Nabeshima Katsushige of Saga Domain | Ichihime married Uesugi Sadakatsu (1604–1645) of Yonezawa Domain Tsuruhime married Takeu Shigetoki (1608–1669) Mitsuchiyo Nabeshima Tadanao (1613–1635) Nabeshima Naozumi of Hasunoike Domain Hojoin married Isahaya Shigetoshi (1608–1652)
| |
| Kanahime | Shōjō-in | 1582 | November 3, 1656 | Mizuno Tadashige | Katō Kiyomasa of Kumamoto Domain | Yasohime (1601–1666) married Tokugawa Yorinobu of Kishu Domain | |
| Yōhime | Teishō-in | 1591 | August 10, 1664 | Hoshina Masanao Takehime (1553–1618, Ieyasu's half-sister) |
Koide Yoshihide (1587–1666) of Izushi Domain | Taitō Daughter Married Miura Katsushige (1605–1631) of Shimōsa-Miura Domain later Yamauchi Katsutada Koide Yoshishige (1607–1674) of Izushi Domain Daughter Daughter Hoshina Masahide (1611–1678) Koide Hidemoto Koide Hidenobu Kogaku-in married Tachibana Tanenaga (1625–1711) of Miike Domain Daughter Married Matsudaira Nobuyuki (1631–1686) of Koga Domain | |
| Seigen'in | Hoshina Masanao Takehime (1553–1618, Ieyasu's half-sister) |
Abe Nobumori (1584–1674) of Okabe Domain | Abe Nobuyuki (1604–1683) of Okabe Domain | ||||
| Shosen'in | 1642 | Makino Yasunari (1555–1610) of Ogo Domain | Fukushima Masanori of Hiroshima Domain | daughter married Minase Kanetoshi daughter married Ono Inuoemon | |||
| Matsudaira Iekiyo of Yoshida Domain | Asano Nagashige (1588–1632) of Kasama Domain | Asano Naganao of Ako Domain daughter married Asano Nagaharu (1614–1675) of Miyoshi Domain daughter married Matsudaira Tadatake | |||||
| Shoshitsu'in | Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552–1603) of Sekiyado Domain | First: Osuga Tadamasa (1581–1607) of Yokosuka Domain Second: Suganuma Sadayoshi (1587–1643) of Tamba-Kameyama Domain |
by First: Sakakibara (Osuga) Tadatsugu (1605–1665) of Himeji Domain By Second: Suganuma Sadaakira (1625–1647) of Tamba-Kameyama Domain daughter married Ogasawara Naganori (1624–1678) of Yoshida Domain | ||||
| Dōsen-in | Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552–1603) of Sekiyado Domain | Okabe Nagamori (1568–1632) of Ōgaki Domain | Okabe Nobukatsu (1597–1668) of Kishiwada Domain | ||||
| Hisamatsu Sadakatsu of Kuwana Domain Tatsu (Okudaira Sadatomo {d.1585}’s daughter) |
Nakagawa Hisanori (1594–1653) of Oka Domain | Nakagawa Hisakiyo (1615–1681) of Oka Domain | |||||
| Komatsuhime | Manhime married Koriki Tadafusa of Shimabara Domain Masahime married Sakuma Katsumune (1589–1616) Sanada Nobumasa (1597–1658) of Matsushiro Domain Sanada Nobushige (1599–1648) of Hashina Domain |
Ancestry[edit]
| Ancestors of Tokugawa Ieyasu[159] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Popular culture[edit]
Ieyasu's life and accomplishments were used as a model for the Japanese statesman, Lord Yoshi Toranaga, portrayed in James Clavell's historical novel Shōgun. The 1980 television miniseries adaptation of the novel, starring Toshiro Mifune as the Shōgun, and the 2024 miniseries, starring Hiroyuki Sanada as the Shōgun, both used Ieyasu as a key reference.[160][161]
See also[edit]
Appendix[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
- ^ 徳川 家康
- ^ Ieyasu's given name is sometimes spelled Iyeyasu,[1][2] according to the historical pronunciation of the kana character he. He was posthumously enshrined at Nikkō Tōshō-gū with the name Tōshō Daigongen (東照大權現).
- ^ He later took other names, which include Matsudaira Jirōsaburō Motonobu, Matsudaira Kurandonosuke Motoyasu, and finally, Tokugawa Ieyasu.
- ^ During the Sengoku period, particularly dangerous groups called "Ochimusha-gari" or "fallen warrior hunter" groups has emerged. These groups consisted of peasant or Rōnin Who dispossessed by war and now formed self-defense forces which operates outside the law, while in reality they often resorted to hunt and robbing defeated Samurais or soldiers during conflicts.[50][51][52] These outlaw groups were particularly rampant on the route which Ieyasu taken to return to Mikawa.[52]
- ^ different person than Obata Masamori Nobusada}who already died[65]
- ^ Historians viewed this incident were not just simply personal problems between those seven generals against Mitsunari, as it was viewed as an extention of the political rivalries on greater scope between Tokugawa faction and anti-Tokugawa faction which led by Mitsunari. Since this incident, those military figures who had bad terms with Mitsunari would support Ieyasu later during the conflict of Sekigahara between Eastern army led by Tokugawa Ieyasu and Western army led by Ishida Mitsunari.[110][113] Muramatsu Shunkichi, writer of "The Surprising Colors and Desires of the Heroes of Japanese History and violent womens”, gave his assessment that the reason of Mitsunari failure in his war against Ieyasu was due to his unpopularity among the major political figures of that time.[114]
References[edit]
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- ^ "Iyeyasu". Merriam-Webster.
- ^ a b c d e Perez, Louis G. (1998). The history of Japan. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-00793-4. OCLC 51689128.
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- ^ a b McLynn, Frank (November 10, 2009). Heroes & Villains: Inside the minds of the greatest warriors in history. Random House. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-4090-7034-4.
- ^ a b c d Turnbull, Stephen (2012). Tokugawa Ieyasu. Osprey Publishing. pp. 5–9. ISBN 9781849085748.
- ^ a b c Turnbull, Stephen (1987). Battles of the Samurai. London: Arms and Armour Press. p. 35. ISBN 0853688265.
- ^ a b c d Screech, Timon (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-7007-1720-X, pp. 85, 234; n.b., Screech explains
Minamoto-no-Ieyasu was born in Tenbun 11, on the 26th day of the 12th month (1542) and he died in Genna 2, on the 17th day of the 4th month (1616); and thus, his contemporaries would have said that he lived 75 years. In this period, children were considered one year old at birth and became two the following New Year's Day; and all people advanced a year that day, not on their actual birthday.
- ^ Bottomley, Ian (2005). Shogun: the life of Lord Tokugawa Ieyasu. Royal Armouries Museum. Leeds, U.K.: Royal Armouries. ISBN 0-948092-58-0. OCLC 63666433.
- ^ a b c Turnbull, Stephen (2012). Tokugawa Ieyasu. Osprey Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 9781849085748.
- ^ Turnbull 1998, p. 215.
- ^ a b Turnbull, Stephen R. (1977). The Samurai: A Military History. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co. p. 144.
- ^ Bottomley, Ian (2005). Shogun : the life of Lord Tokugawa Ieyasu. Royal Armouries Museum. Leeds, U.K.: Royal Armouries. p. 12. ISBN 0-948092-58-0. OCLC 63666433.
- ^ a b Turnbull 1998, p. 216.
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- ^ Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014, p. 57)
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Tamotsu Fujino (1967). 徳川幕閣: 武功派と官僚派の抗争 [Tokugawa Shogunate: Conflict between the military faction and the bureaucratic faction] (in Japanese). 中央公論社. pp. 16, 29. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ Rizō Takeuchi (1978). 角川日本地名大辞典: 愛知県 (in Japanese). Kadokawa Shoten. p. 41. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ Screech, Timon (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-7007-1720-X, p. 82.
- ^ a b c d Sansom, Sir George Bailey (1961). A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. p. 353. ISBN 0-8047-0525-9.
- ^ 新編岡崎市史: Sōshū hen Volume 20 of New edition of Okazaki City History (in Japanese). Okazaki City: 新編岡崎市史編さん委員会. 1983. p. 59. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ * Kamefumi Naito (1972). "姫街道の今昔". In 静岡新聞社 (ed.). ふるさと百話. Vol. 7. 静岡新聞社. pp. 155–159.
- ^ Mikawa Monogatari (in Japanese), Horikawa castle Ruin: Hosoe town Board of Education
- ^ a b Turnbull, Stephen (1987). Battles of the Samurai. London: Arms and Armour Press. pp. 67–78. ISBN 0853688265.
- ^ a b Turnbull, Stephen (2000). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co. pp. 222–223. ISBN 1854095234.
- ^ Murata Shuzo; Hattori Hideo (2000). 都道府県別日本の中世城館調査報告書集成 [Collection of Japanese medieval castle survey reports by prefecture] (in Japanese). 東洋書林. p. 418. ISBN 4887214324. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
- ^ Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha (2007). 歴史読本, Volume 52, Issue 3 [History Reader , Volume 52, Masalah] (in Japanese). 新人物往来社. p. 92. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
- ^ 煎本 増夫 (1979). 幕藩体制成立史の研究 [Research on the history of the establishment of the Shogunate system] (in Japanese). 雄山閣出版. p. 94. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
- ^ Naito Family Documents Study Group (1972). 譜代藩の研究 : 譜代内藤藩の藩政と藩領 [Research on the Fudai domain: the government and domain of the Fudai Naito domain] (in Japanese). Meiji University. p. 44. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
- ^ Turnbull, Stephen (2012). Nagashino 1575: Slaughter at the barricades. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-78200-229-1.
- ^ Cecilia Segawa Seigle; Linda H. Chance (2014). Ōoku The Secret World of the Shogun's Women. Cambria Press. ISBN 9781604978728. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
Notes 23= Tsukiyama-Dono p. 85-6; Kinseishi p. 30
- ^ Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2004). Shogun The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Tuttle Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 9781462916542. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
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- ^ a b "デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plus「岡部長教」の解説". kotobank. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- ^ Turnbull 1998, p. 231.
- ^ 小宮山敏和「戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について 戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として」『論集きんせい』26号、2004年
- ^ 岡谷繁実 (1944). 名将言行録. 岩波文庫. Vol. 6巻. 岩波書店. pp. 200–91. ISBN 9784003317365.
- ^ 丸島, 和洋 (2015). "土屋昌恒". In 柴辻, 俊六; 平山, 優; 黒田, 基樹; 丸島, 和洋 (eds.). 武田氏家臣団人名辞典. 東京堂出版. p. 505. ISBN 9784490108606.
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Kunio Yanagita "History of Japanese Farmers"
- ^ a b Kirino Sakuto (2001). 真説本能寺 (学研M文庫 R き 2-2) (in Japanese). 学研プラス. pp. 218–219. ISBN 4059010421.
Tadashi Ishikawa quote
- ^ a b c Akira Imatani (1993). 天皇と天下人. 新人物往来社. pp. 152–153, 157–158, ､167. ISBN 4404020732.
Akira Imatani"Practice of attacking fallen warriors"; 2000; p.153 chapter 4
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- ^ a b (みちものがたり)家康の「伊賀越え」（滋賀県、三重県）本当は「甲賀越え」だった?忍者の末裔が唱える新説 [(Michi-monogatari) Ieyasu's "Iga's crossing (Shiga Prefecture, Mie Prefecture) Was it really "Koka-goe"? A new theory advocated by a ninja descendant] (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun. 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
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Luís Fróis;History of Japan..; Nihon Yoso-kai Annual Report", Japanese historical materials also show that Ieyasu distributed a large amount of gold and silver to his subordinates) A certain " Ishikawa Tadashi Sosho
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modern digital library edit of original edition 1908
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Notes
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All Tokugawa shōguns share descent from Ieyasu, who is recognized as the dynasty's founder. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Timeline and paternities of the Tokugawa Shogunate | ||
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 | Lifespan Reign | |
| International | |
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| National | |
| Academics | |
| Artists | |
| People | |
| Other | |
