User:Nsae Comp

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This user-page is for collecting useful stuff for my self and other users.

Happy editing & collaborating!

Give ♡ for structured (& hyperlinked) content!

About me[edit]

Queer Wickie. I knew instantly that I love the thing called Wiki.

Nsae Comp is a pseudonym for me a lifeform, born, raised and living on Earth, Centrope.

Holding a masters degree (Magister degree) in Development Studies, with focus on Cultural Studies/Postcolonial Studies and main work on Indigenous Peoples in Voluntary Isolation VS (first) contact narratives, from the University of Vienna. City of Vienna civil servant for social housing and environmental engineering projects. Theater of the Oppressed Human Rights activist with Amnesty International. Proud fulltime daddy.

Help for finding references[edit]

Access[edit]

Google:[edit]

Reliability[edit]

Referencing tools[edit]

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  • Help:Citation tools
    • Citer - Converts a DOI, ISBN, OCLC, or URL into a citation and shortened footnote. It also can generate citations for many news websites.
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Wikipedia issues[edit]

Outreach[edit]

Advocating[edit]

Experts are welcome[edit]

Work in progress[edit]

Wikipedia as a mirror of the world[edit]


(Take care: WP:Biographies of living persons)

Other Wikiprojects[edit]

You can use the search box below to easily find a WikiProject that interests you!

Tasks[edit]

Draft (& Wikipedia data structure) - get started, edit and draft![edit]

The shown page is organized within Wikipedia trough namespaceing (":"), in this case as a Wikipedia specific page/namespace, hence "Wikipedia:" (often linked as "WP:").
Create a new draft

Don't delete, redirect articles[edit]

Dispute resolution[edit]

Graham's Hierarchy of Disagreement
Community[edit]

Dependency & limits (as a mirror of the world), and how to lose[edit]

Structure, then content[edit]

Other issues[edit]


Toolbox[edit]

  • WP:Search
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    • Find link - searches Wikipedia for text that fits the given article title and enables direct adding of an according wikilink.
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Images[edit]

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Graphs[edit]

Writing[edit]

Further information: Help:Wikitext

Other useful templates, etc.[edit]

About how I got to Wikipedia (2005)[edit]

I have heard of Wikipedia several times before, first from my brother and then from my best friend. At this point I also want to mention my B2 First Teacher, who mentioned as first teacher Wikipedia and FM4 to me, wich were no new names for me, because I used them already daily, at that time, but I found it intresting that the teachers knew of such webpages and youth oriented radio stations.

FM4 is an english/german austrian youth orientated radio station, by the Austrian Broadcasting Corporation ORF, wich created the Prix Ars Electronica, wich awarded Wikipedia last year.

Since one or two months ago (about February 2005) I have been visiting Wikipedia quite often, and since April I have begun editing.

I try to add as much information as I can from school or other information sources to Wikipedia, when I use it.

Can't resist to put this unnecessary thing here[edit]

Countries (and states) I have been to (by accumulated time):

Life dreams:

, Solar space , Moon , Venus (Bespin), United Federation of Planets (Vulcan ), Alpha Centauri (...), Coruscant , Arrakis

Japan, Brazil, China (Southern China "Nanfang": Yunnan, Guangdong, Fujian, Chungqing, ...; Shandong), Egypt; France (Paris, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur), Croatia (Split, Croatia, ...); Greece (Athens, ...), Portugal (Lisbon, ...), Spain (Catalonia, ...), Slovenia; Indonesia, Vietnam; India (Mumbai, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), Nigeria (Lagos); Ethiopia, Nepal; Oceania (Pacific Islands Forum), Antarctica Antarctica
Lifetime:United Nations ()
Decades:Austria (Lower Austria), European Union
Years:Austria (Vienna), Germany (Bavaria)
Months:United States (New York (state)), Italy (Veneto), United Kingdom (Dorset)
Monthish:Croatia, France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur), Uganda, Germany (North Sea coast)
Weeks:Turkey (Antalya), Singapore, Poland, Senegal, United Kingdom (West Sussex)
Week:Tanzania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, United States (Pennsylvania, Florida), Italy (...), United Kingdom (West Yorkshire), Serbia
Days:Kenya, Israel, Finland, Switzerland, Slovenia, Malaysia (Pahang), Canada (Quebec), United States (Virginia), Germany (...), Italy (...), The Gambia
Hours:United Kingdom (...), Monaco, State of Palestine, Portugal, United Arab Emirates (Emirate of Dubai), United States (Washington, D.C., New Jersey, Georgia (country), Maryland, South Carolina, North Carolina), Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Vatican City
Minutes:Ethiopia (), United States (Delaware)
Travelspecials:North Korea, Morocco, Madagascar, Mexico, Chile, Cuba, Mongolia, Yemen, Nigeria, Cambodia, Philippines, Syria, Iran, Venezuela, Tibet
Traveloptions:Canada, Turkey (Istanbul), Albania, Montenegro, Cyprus, Malta, Belgium,Romania, South Korea, Algeria, Tunisia, Lebanon

34 Countries

Entertaining quotes from Wikipedia[edit]

"Early photos of Earth taken from space inspired a mild version of the overview effect in earthbound non-astronauts, and became prominent symbols of environmental concern."

Excerpting: Contact[edit]

Uncontacted peoples in culture[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Uncontacted peoples § Definition.[edit]

Uncontacted peoples generally refer to indigenous peoples who have remained largely isolated to the present day, maintaining their traditional lifestyles and functioning mostly independently from any political or governmental entities. However, European exploration and colonization during the early modern period brought indigenous peoples worldwide into contact with colonial settlers and explorers. As such, most indigenous groups have had some form of contact with other peoples. The term "uncontacted" therefore refers to a lack of sustained contact with the majority of non-indigenous society at the present time.[4]

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights refers to uncontacted peoples as "indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation." These groups are defined by their general rejection of contact with anyone outside of their own people. This definition also includes groups who have previously had sustained contact with the majority non-indigenous society but have chosen to return to isolation and no longer maintain contact.[5] As such uncontacted peoples are understood not as living in an anachronistic state of nature but rather as contemporaries of modernity.[6]

A 2009 United Nations report also classified "peoples in initial contact" as sharing the same characteristics but beginning to regularly communicate with and integrate into mainstream society.[7]

To highlight their agency in staying uncontacted or isolated, international organizations emphasize calling them "indigenous peoples in isolation" or "in voluntary isolation".[8] Otherwise they have also been called "hidden peoples" or "uncontacted tribes".[8]

Historically European colonial ideas of uncontacted peoples, and their colonial claims over them, were informed by the imagination of and search for Prester John, king of a wealthy Christian realm in isolation,[9][10] as well as the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, identifying uncontacted peoples as "lost tribes".[11]

First contact[edit]

This section is an excerpt from First contact (anthropology).[edit]
The Landing of Columbus, by Dióscoro Puebla

In anthropology, first contact is the first meeting of two communities previously without contact with one another.[12][13] Notable examples of first contact are those between the Spanish Empire and the Arawak in 1492; and the Aboriginal Australians with Europeans in 1788 when the First Fleet arrived in Sydney.[citation needed]

Such contact is sometimes described as a "discovery", such as the British and United States did by creating the legal theory of the "Doctrine of Discovery".[14] It is generally the more technologically complex society that is able to travel to new geographic regions to make contact with those more isolated, less technologically complex societies.[15] However, some object to the application of such a word to human beings, which is why "first contact" is generally preferred. The use of the term "discovery" tends to occur more in reference to geography than cultures; for an example of a common discovery debate, see Discoverer of the Americas.[citation needed]

The fascination with first contact has gone through many transformations since the Age of Discovery, one of the earliest narratives being about contacting the Ten Lost Tribes and Prester John, and continues today as a trope in science fiction about extraterrestrial first contact, as well as being manifest in contemporary space exploration (for example the Pioneer plaque).[16]

Establishing contact with uncontacted peoples is still attempted, despite the negative effects, history and opposition by indigenous peoples, advocacy groups[17] and specialized institutions like FUNAI.

This section is an excerpt from First contact (anthropology) § History.[edit]

Long before contemporary uncontacted peoples, there were many more cases of communities and states being isolated from each other, sometimes only having poor knowledge of each other and poor contact. One such case is the poor formal contact between Europe and China in the course of the long history of the Silk Road trade and later contact with the Mongol Empire. Frustration with the lack of contact gave rise to the characterization of China as isolationist,[18] and after being identified with Greater India and Prester John, the European powers, such as the Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator,[19] attempted to reach the isolated Greater India by travelling westward. The European colonial powers thereby mistakenly identified the Americas as the West Indies - a part of Greater India - and named the indigenous peoples of the Americas incorrectly as "Indians". This contacting has been called one-sided "discovery" as is the case with discovery doctrine, and has been reinvented contemporarily by narratives of first contact beyond Earth finding its way into actual space exploration (for example the Pioneer plaque).[16] It has been argued that, for colonialism, this seeking out of first contact proved to be a crucial element to gain control over knowledge and representation of the other, fetishizing and objectifying contact and its place on the frontier drawing a long history of one-sided contact, until today with indigenous peoples and specifically uncontacted peoples.[16]

Noble savage[edit]

Section 'Pre-history of the noble savage' not found

Lost tribes[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Ten Lost Tribes § Search.[edit]

The enduring mysteries which surround the disappearance of the tribes later became sources of numerous (largely mythological) narratives in recent centuries, with historian Tudor Parfitt arguing that "this myth is a vital feature of colonial discourse throughout the long period of European overseas empires, from the beginning of the fifteenth century, until the later half of the twentieth".[20]: 1, 225  Along with Prester John,[21][22] they formed an imaginary for exploration and contact with uncontacted and indigenous peoples in the Age of Discovery and colonialism.[23]

However, during his other research projects, Parfitt discovered the possible existence of some ethnic links between several older Jewish Diaspora communities in Asia, Africa and the Middle East, especially in those Jewish communities which were established in pre-colonial times. For example, in his Y-DNA studies of males from the Lemba people, Parfitt found a high proportion of paternal Semitic ancestry, DNA that is common to both Arabs and Jews from the Middle East.[24]

During his later genetic studies of the Bene Israel of India, the origins of whom were obscure, he also concluded that they were predominantly descended from males from the Middle East, a conclusion which was largely consistent with their oral histories of their origin.[25] These findings subsequently led other Judaising groups, including the Gogodala tribe of Papua New Guinea, to seek help in determining their own origins.[26]

Excerpting: Forms of government[edit]

Monarchy[edit]

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Monarchy.[edit]

A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic (constitutional monarchy), to fully autocratic (absolute monarchy), and can span across executive, legislative, and judicial domains.[27]

The succession of monarchs has mostly been hereditary, often building dynasties. However, elective and self-proclaimed monarchies have also often occurred throughout history.[28] Aristocrats, though not inherent to monarchies, often serve as the pool of persons from which the monarch is chosen, and to fill the constituting institutions (e.g. diet and court), giving many monarchies oligarchic elements.

Monarchs can carry various titles such as emperor, empress, king, and queen. Monarchies can form federations, personal unions and realms with vassals through personal association with the monarch, which is a common reason for monarchs carrying several titles.

Monarchies were the most common form of government until the 20th century, by which time republics had replaced many monarchies. Today forty-three sovereign nations in the world have a monarch, including fifteen Commonwealth realms that share King Charles III as their head of state. Other than that, there is a range of sub-national monarchical entities. Most of the modern monarchies are constitutional monarchies, retaining under a constitution unique legal and ceremonial roles for the monarch, exercising limited or no political power, similar to heads of state in a parliamentary republic.

Republic[edit]

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Republic.[edit]

A republic, based on the Latin phrase res publica ('public affair'), is a state in which political power rests with the public through their representatives—in contrast to a monarchy.[29][30]

Representation in a republic may or may not be freely elected by the general citizenry. In many historical republics, representation has been based on personal status and the role of elections has been limited. This remains true today; among the 159 states that use the word republic in their official names as of 2017, and other states formally constituted as republics, are states that narrowly constrain both the right of representation and the process of election.

The term developed its modern meaning in reference to the constitution of the ancient Roman Republic, lasting from the overthrow of the kings in 509 BC to the establishment of the Empire in 27 BC. This constitution was characterized by a Senate composed of wealthy aristocrats wielding significant influence; several popular assemblies of all free citizens, possessing the power to elect magistrates from the populace and pass laws; and a series of magistracies with varying types of civil and political authority.

Most often a republic is a single sovereign state, but there are also subnational state entities that are referred to as republics, or that have governments that are described as republican in nature.

Democracy[edit]

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Democracy.[edit]

Democracy (from Ancient Greek: δημοκρατία, romanized: dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule')[31] is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state.[32] Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitive elections while more expansive definitions link democracy to guarantees of civil liberties and human rights in addition to competitive elections.[33][34]

In a direct democracy, the people have the direct authority to deliberate and decide legislation. In a representative democracy, the people choose governing officials through elections to do so. Who is considered part of "the people" and how authority is shared among or delegated by the people has changed over time and at different rates in different countries. Features of democracy oftentimes include freedom of assembly, association, personal property, freedom of religion and speech, citizenship, consent of the governed, voting rights, freedom from unwarranted governmental deprivation of the right to life and liberty, and minority rights.

The notion of democracy has evolved over time considerably. Throughout history, one can find evidence of direct democracy, in which communities make decisions through popular assembly. Today, the dominant form of democracy is representative democracy, where citizens elect government officials to govern on their behalf such as in a parliamentary or presidential democracy. Most democracies apply in most cases majority rule,[35][36] but in some cases plurality rule, supermajority rule (e.g. constitution) or consensus rule (e.g. Switzerland) are applied. They serve the crucial purpose of inclusiveness and broader legitimacy on sensitive issues—counterbalancing majoritarianism—and therefore mostly take precedence on a constitutional level. In the common variant of liberal democracy, the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of a representative democracy, but a constitution and supreme court limit the majority and protect the minority—usually through securing the enjoyment by all of certain individual rights, such as freedom of speech or freedom of association.[37][38]

The term appeared in the 5th century BC in Greek city-states, notably Classical Athens, to mean "rule of the people", in contrast to aristocracy (ἀριστοκρατία, aristokratía), meaning "rule of an elite".[39] Western democracy, as distinct from that which existed in antiquity, is generally considered to have originated in city-states such as those in Classical Athens and the Roman Republic, where various degrees of enfranchisement of the free male population were observed. In virtually all democratic governments throughout ancient and modern history, democratic citizenship was initially restricted to an elite class, which was later extended to all adult citizens. In most modern democracies, this was achieved through the suffrage movements of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Excerpting: Peoples[edit]

People[edit]

This section is an excerpt from People § Legal.[edit]
Liberty Leading the People, 1830 by Eugène Delacroix

Chapter One, Article One of the Charter of the United Nations states that "peoples" have the right to self-determination.[40] Though the mere status as peoples and the right to self-determination, as for example in the case of Indigenous peoples (peoples, as in all groups of indigenous people, not merely all indigenous persons as in indigenous people), does not automatically provide for independent sovereignty and therefore secession.[41][42] Particularly through international Indigenous peoples rights, it was defined what a people constitutes (e.g. shared culture etc.).

Nationality[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Nationality.[edit]
Legal status of persons
Birthright
Nationality
Immigration
Conflict of laws and
private international law
Preliminaries
Definitional elements
Connecting factors
Substantive legal areas
Enforcement

Nationality is the status of belonging to a particular nation, defined as a group of people organized in one country, under one legal jurisdiction, or as a group of people who are united on the basis of culture.[43][44][45]

In international law, nationality is a legal identification establishing the person as a subject, a national, of a sovereign state. It affords the state jurisdiction over the person and affords the person the protection of the state against other states.[46]

Article 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "Everyone has the right to a nationality", and "No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality". A person who does not have nationality of any state is a stateless person. By international custom and conventions, it is the right of each state to determine who its nationals are.[47] Such determinations are part of nationality law. In some cases, determinations of nationality are also governed by public international law—for example, by treaties on statelessness and the European Convention on Nationality.[48]

The process of acquiring nationality is called naturalization. Each state determines in its nationality law the conditions (statute) under which it will recognize persons as its nationals, and the conditions under which that status will be withdrawn. Some countries permit their nationals to have multiple nationalities, while others insist on exclusive allegiance.

The rights and duties of nationals vary from state to state,[49] and are often complemented by citizenship law, in some contexts to the point where citizenship is synonymous with nationality.[50] However, nationality differs technically and legally from citizenship, which is a different legal relationship between a person and a country. The noun "national" can include both citizens and non-citizens. The most common distinguishing feature of citizenship is that citizens have the right to participate in the political life of the state, such as by voting or standing for election. However, in most modern countries all nationals are citizens of the state, and full citizens are always nationals of the state.[51]

Due to the etymology of nationality, in older texts or other languages the word "nationality", rather than "ethnicity", is often used to refer to an ethnic group (a group of people who share a common ethnic identity, language, culture, lineage, history, and so forth). Individuals may also be considered nationals of groups with autonomous status that have ceded some power to a larger sovereign state.

Nationality is also employed as a term for national identity, with some cases of identity politics and nationalism conflating the legal nationality as well as ethnicity with a national identity.

Citizen[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Citizenship.[edit]
Legal status of persons
Birthright
Nationality
Immigration

Citizenship is a membership and allegiance to a sovereign state.[52]

Though citizenship is often legally conflated with nationality in today's Anglo-Saxon world,[53][54][55] international law does not usually use the term citizenship to refer to nationality,[56][57] these two notions being conceptually different dimensions of collective membership.[58]

Generally citizenships have no expiration and allow persons to work, reside and vote in the polity, as well as identify with the polity, possibly acquiring a passport. Though through discriminatory laws, like disfranchisement and outright apartheid citizens have been made second-class citizens. Historically, populations of states were mostly subjects,[52] while citizenship was a particular status which originated in the rights of urban populations, like the rights of the male public of cities and republics, particularly ancient city-states, giving rise to a civitas and the social class of the burgher or bourgeoisie. Since then states have expanded the status of citizenship to most of their national people, while the extent of citizen rights remain contested.

Excerpting: Colonization[edit]

Colony[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Colony.[edit]
Part of the Politics series
Politics
Primary topics
Political systems
Academic disciplines
Public administration
Policy
Government branches
Related topics
Subseries
icon Politics portal
Chart of current non-self-governing territories (as of June 2012)

A colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule.[59][60] Though dominated by the foreign colonizers, the rule remains separate to the original country of the colonizers, the metropolitan state (or "mother country"), which together have often been organized as colonial empires, particularly with the development of modern imperialism and its colonialism. This coloniality and possibly colonial administrative separation, while often blurred,[60] makes colonies neither annexed or integrated territories nor client states. Colonies contemporarily are identified and organized as not sufficiently self-governed dependent territories. Other past colonies have become either sufficiently incorporated and self-governed, or independent, with some to a varying degree dominated by remaining colonial settler societies or neocolonialism.

The term colony originates from the ancient Roman colonia, a type of Roman settlement. Derived from colonus (farmer, cultivator, planter, or settler), it carries with it the sense of 'farm' and 'landed estate'.[61] Furthermore the term was used to refer to the older Greek apoikia (Ancient Greek: ἀποικία, lit. 'home away from home'), which were overseas settlements by ancient Greek city-states. The city that founded such a settlement became known as its metropolis ("mother-city"). Since early-modern times, historians, administrators, and political scientists have generally used the term "colony" to refer mainly to the many different overseas territories of particularly European states between the 15th and 20th centuries CE, with colonialism and decolonization as corresponding phenomena.

While colonies often developed from trading outposts or territorial claims, such areas do not need to be a product of colonization, nor become colonially organized territories. Territories furthermore do not need to have been militarily conquered and occupied to come under colonial rule and to be considered de-facto colonies, instead neocolonial exploitation of dependency or imperialist use of power to intervene to force policy, might make a territory be considered a colony, which broadens the concept, including indirect rule or puppet states (contrasted by more independent types of client states such as vassal states). Subsequently some historians have used the term informal colony to refer to a country under a de facto control of another state. Though the broadening of the concept is often contentious.

Colonization[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Colonization.[edit]
Part of the Politics series
Politics
Primary topics
Political systems
Academic disciplines
Public administration
Policy
Government branches
Related topics
Subseries
icon Politics portal

Colonization (British English: colonisation) is a process of establishing control over foreign territories or peoples for the purpose of exploitation and possibly settlement, setting up coloniality and often colonies, commonly pursued and maintained by colonialism.[62][63][64]

Colonization is sometimes used synonymously with settling, as with colonisation in biology, but while colonization historically involved settling, this particular form is called settler colonialism. In this case, colonization is structured and enforced by the settlers directly, while their or their ancestors' metropolitan country maintains a connection or control through the settler's colonialism. In settler colonization, a minority group rules either through the assimilation or oppression of the indigenous peoples,[65][66] or by establishing itself as the demographic majority through driving away, displacing or outright killing the indigenous people, as well as through immigration and births of metropolitan as well as other settlers.

The European colonization of Australia, New Zealand, and other places in Oceania was fueled by explorers, and colonists often regarding the encountered landmasses as terra nullius ("empty land" in Latin).[67] This resulted in laws and ideas such as Mexico's General Colonization Law and the United States' manifest destiny doctrine which furthered colonization.

Space colonization[edit]

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Space colonization.[edit]

Space colonization (also called space settlement or extraterrestrial colonization) is the use of outer space or celestial bodies other than Earth for permanent habitation or as extraterrestrial territory.

The inhabitation and territorial use of extraterrestrial space has been proposed, for example, for space settlements or extraterrestrial mining enterprises. To date, no permanent space settlement other than temporary space habitats have been set up, nor has any extraterrestrial territory or land been legally claimed. Making territorial claims in space is prohibited by international space law, defining space as a common heritage. International space law has had the goal to prevent colonial claims and militarization of space,[68][69] and has advocated the installation of international regimes to regulate access to and sharing of space, particularly for specific locations such as the limited space of geostationary orbit[68] or the Moon.

Moon[edit]

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Moon.[edit]

The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It orbits at an average distance of 384,400 km (238,900 mi), about 30 times the diameter of Earth. Over time Earth's gravity has caused tidal locking, causing the same side of the Moon to always face Earth. Because of this, the lunar day and the lunar month are the same length, at 29.5 Earth days. The Moon's gravitational pull – and to a lesser extent, the Sun's – are the main drivers of Earth's tides.

In geophysical terms the Moon is a planetary-mass object or satellite planet. Its mass is 1.2% that of the Earth, and its diameter is 3,474 km (2,159 mi), roughly one-quarter of Earth's (about as wide as Australia.[70]) Within the Solar System, it is the largest and most massive satellite in relation to its parent planet, the fifth largest and most massive moon overall, and larger and more massive than all known dwarf planets.[71] Its surface gravity is about one sixth of Earth's, about half of that of Mars, and the second highest among all Solar System moons, after Jupiter's moon Io. The body of the Moon is differentiated and terrestrial, with no significant hydrosphere, atmosphere, or magnetic field. It formed 4.51 billion years ago, not long after Earth's formation, out of the debris from a giant impact between Earth and a hypothesized Mars-sized body called Theia.

The lunar surface is covered in lunar dust and marked by mountains, impact craters, their ejecta, ray-like streaks and, mostly on the near side of the Moon, by dark maria ("seas"), which are plains of cooled magma. These maria were formed when molten lava flowed into ancient impact basins. The Moon is, except when passing through Earth's shadow during a lunar eclipse, always illuminated by the Sun, but from Earth the visible illumination shifts during its orbit, producing the lunar phases.[72] The Moon is the brightest celestial object in Earth's night sky. This is mainly due to its large angular diameter, while the reflectance of the lunar surface is comparable to that of asphalt. The apparent size is nearly the same as that of the Sun, allowing it to cover the Sun completely during a total solar eclipse. From Earth about 59% of the lunar surface is visible over time due to cyclical shifts in perspective (libration), making parts of the far side of the Moon visible.

For humans the Moon has been an important source of inspiration and knowledge, having been crucial to cosmography, mythology, religion, art, time keeping, natural science, and spaceflight. On September 13, 1959, the first human-made object to reach an extraterrestrial body arrived on the Moon, the Soviet Union's Luna 2 impactor. In 1966, the Moon became the first extraterrestrial body where soft landings and orbital insertions were achieved. On July 20, 1969, humans for the first time landed on the Moon and any extraterrestrial body, at Mare Tranquillitatis with the lander Eagle of the United States' Apollo 11 mission. Five more crews were sent between then and 1972, each with two men landing on the surface. The longest stay was 75 hours by the Apollo 17 crew. Since then, exploration of the Moon has continued robotically with crewed missions being planned to return beginning in the late 2020s.

References[edit]

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ User:EMsmile
  3. ^ User:Femkemilene
  4. ^ Nuwer, Rachel. "Anthropology: The sad truth about uncontacted tribes". BBC. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  5. ^ "Indigenous Peoples in Voluntary Isolation and Initial Contact in the Americas: Recommendations for the Full Respect of Their Human Rights" (PDF). Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. 30 December 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  6. ^ International, Survival. "The Uncontacted Frontier". Survival International. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
  7. ^ Guidelines on the Protection of Indigenous Peoples in Voluntary Isolation and in Initial Contact of the Amazon Basin and El Chaco
  8. ^ a b Granizo, Tarsicio. "Guardians of the forests...or refugees? Indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation in the Amazon". Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  9. ^ Knobler, A. (2016). Mythology and Diplomacy in the Age of Exploration. European Expansion and Indigenous Response. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-32490-9. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
  10. ^ Crotty, Kenneth (2004). The role of myth and representation in the origins of colonialism (Thesis). Maynooth University. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
  11. ^ Kirsch, Stuart (1997). "Lost Tribes: Indigenous people and the social imaginary". Anthropological Quarterly. 70 (2): 58–67. doi:10.2307/3317506. JSTOR 3317506.
  12. ^ Serge Tcherkezoff (2008). First Contacts in Polynesia – the Samoan Case (1722–1848): Western Misunderstandings about Sexuality and Divinity. ANU E Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-921536-02-1.
  13. ^ Joshua A. Bell; Alison K. Brown; Robert J. Gordon (2013). Recreating First Contact: Expeditions, Anthropology, and Popular Culture. Smithsonian. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-935623-24-3.
  14. ^ Suzan Shown Harjo (2014). Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations. Smithsonian. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-58834-479-3.
  15. ^ Jean Stockard (2000). Sociology: Discovering Society. Wadsworth. p. 512. ISBN 978-0-534-56521-3.
  16. ^ a b c Grande, Alexander (2014). Erst-Kontakt (Thesis). Vienna: University of Vienna. doi:10.25365/thesis.31693. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  17. ^ Nuwer, Rachel (2014-08-04). "Future – Anthropology: The sad truth about uncontacted tribes". BBC. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
  18. ^ Millar, Ashley Eva (2011). "Your beggarly commerce! Enlightenment European views of the China trade.". In Abbattista, Guido (ed.). Encountering Otherness. Diversities and Transcultural Experiences in Early Modern European Culture. EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste. pp. 210f. ISBN 9788883033063.
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