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It Happened One Night

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For the album by Holly Cole, see It Happened One Night (album).

It Happened One Night
Theatrical release poster
Directed byFrank Capra
Screenplay byRobert Riskin
Based on"Night Bus"
1933 story in Cosmopolitan
by Samuel Hopkins Adams
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyJoseph Walker
Edited byGene Havlick
Music by
Distributed byColumbia Pictures
Release date
  • February 22, 1934 (1934-02-22)
Running time
105 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$325,000[2]
Box office$2.5 million (worldwide rentals)[3]
The film's trailer

It Happened One Night is a 1934 American pre-Code romantic comedy film with elements of screwball comedy directed and co-produced by Frank Capra, in collaboration with Harry Cohn, in which a pampered socialite (Claudette Colbert) tries to get out from under her father's thumb and falls in love with a roguish reporter (Clark Gable). The screenplay by Robert Riskin is based on the August 1933 short story "Night Bus" by Samuel Hopkins Adams, which provided the shooting title. Classified as a "pre-Code" production, the film is among the last romantic comedies created before the MPPDA began rigidly enforcing the 1930 Motion Picture Production Code in July 1934. It Happened One Night was released just four months prior to that enforcement.[4]

It is seen as one of the greatest films ever made. It Happened One Night is the first of only three films (along with One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and The Silence of the Lambs) to win all five major Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Adapted Screenplay. In 1993, it was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[5][6] In 2013, the film underwent an extensive restoration by Sony Pictures.[7][8] The film's copyright was renewed in 1962, and under current United States law it will enter the public domain on January 1, 2030.[9]

Plot

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Spoiled heiress Ellen "Ellie" Andrews has eloped with pilot and fortune-hunter King Westley against the wishes of her extremely wealthy father, Alexander Andrews, who has sequestered his daughter and wants to have the marriage annulled because he knows that Westley is interested only in Ellie's money. Jumping ship in Florida, Ellie runs away and boards a Greyhound bus to New York City to reunite with her husband. She meets fellow passenger Peter Warne, a newspaper reporter who recently lost his job. Soon, Peter recognizes her and gives her a choice. If she gives him an exclusive on her story, he will help her reach Westley. If not, he will tell her father where she is. Ellie agrees.

Ellie loses her initial disdain for Peter and they begin to fall in love. When the bus breaks down, they try hitchhiking. They fail to secure a ride until Ellie displays a shapely leg to Danker, the next driver. When they stop en route, Danker tries to drive away with their luggage, but Peter chases him down and takes his Model T. Near the end of their journey, Ellie confesses her love to Peter. The owners of the motel in which they are staying notice that Peter's car is gone and expel Ellie. Believing Peter has deserted her, Ellie telephones her father, who agrees to let her marry Westley. Meanwhile, Peter has obtained money from his editor to marry Ellie but he misses her on the road. Although Ellie has no desire to be with Westley, she believes that Peter has betrayed her for the reward money and so agrees to have a second, formal wedding with Westley.

On the wedding day, she finally reveals the whole story to her father. When Peter comes to Ellie's home, Andrews offers him the reward money, but Peter insists on being paid only his expenses, a mere $39.60 for items that he had been forced to sell to buy gasoline. When Andrews presses Peter for an explanation of his odd behavior and demands to know if he loves her, Peter first tries to dodge the questions but then admits that he does and storms out. Westley arrives via an autogyro, but at the ceremony, Andrews reveals to his daughter Peter's refusal of the reward money and tells her that her car is waiting by the back gate in case she changes her mind. At the last minute, Ellie dumps Westley at the altar, bolts for her car, and drives away as the newsreel cameras crank.

A few days later, Andrews is working at his desk when Westley calls to tell him that he will take the financial settlement and not contest the annulment. His executive assistant brings him a telegram from Peter: "What's holding up the annulment, you slowpoke? The walls of Jericho are toppling!" That is a reference to a makeshift wall made of a blanket hung over a rope that was tied across the rooms separating the beds they had slept in, in order to give them each privacy while traveling together. With the annulment in hand, Andrews sends the reply, "Let 'em topple."

Peter's battered Model T is parked in a motor court in Glen Falls, Michigan. The mom-and-pop owners talk and wonder why, on such a warm night, the newlyweds (he had seen the marriage license) wanted a clothesline, an extra blanket, and a little tin trumpet. As they look at the cabin, the toy trumpet sounds a fanfare, the blanket falls to the floor, and the lights in the cabin go out.

Cast

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Uncredited cast

Production

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Casting

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The hitchhiking scene

Neither Gable nor Colbert was the first choice to play the lead roles. Miriam Hopkins rejected the part of Ellie. Robert Montgomery and Myrna Loy were then offered the roles, but both turned down the script. Loy later noted that the final story as filmed bore little resemblance to the script that she and Montgomery had been given.[10] Margaret Sullavan also rejected the part.[11] Constance Bennett was willing to accept the role if she could produce the film herself but Columbia Pictures would not agree to that condition. Bette Davis then wanted the role[12] but she was under contract with Warner Brothers and Jack L. Warner refused to lend her.[13] Carole Lombard was unable to accept because Columbia's proposed filming schedule would conflict with her work on Bolero at Paramount.[14] Loretta Young also turned it down.[15]

Harry Cohn suggested Colbert, who initially turned down the role.[16] Her first film, For the Love of Mike (1927), had been directed by Capra and was such a disaster that neither wanted to work with the other again.[17][18] Later, she agreed to the role only if her salary was doubled to $50,000 and if her scenes were completed in four weeks so that she could take a planned vacation.[19]

According to Hollywood legend, Gable was lent to Columbia Pictures, then considered a minor studio, as punishment for refusing a role at his own studio. That tale has been partially refuted by more recent biographies. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer did not have a project ready for Gable and the studio was paying him his contracted salary of $2,000 per week whether he worked or not. Louis B. Mayer lent him to Columbia for $2,500 per week, hence netting MGM $500 per week while he was gone.[20] Capra, however, insisted that Gable was a reluctant participant in the film.[21]

Filming

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Filming began in a tense atmosphere as Gable and Colbert were dissatisfied with the quality of the script. Capra understood their dissatisfaction and let screenwriter Robert Riskin rewrite it.[20] Colbert continued to show her displeasure on the set. She also initially balked at pulling up her skirt to entice a passing driver to provide a ride, complaining that it was unladylike. Upon seeing the chorus girl who was brought in as her body double, an outraged Colbert told the director, "Get her out of here. I'll do it. That's not my leg!"[22] Capra claimed that Colbert "had many little tantrums, motivated by her antipathy toward me," however, "she was wonderful in the part."[22] Part of the film was made on Thousand Oaks Boulevard in Thousand Oaks, California.[23]

Reception

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Frame from the film's trailer

After filming was done, Colbert complained to her friend, "I just finished the worst picture in the world."[22][24] Columbia appeared to have low expectations for the film and did not mount much of an advertising campaign for it.[25] Initial reviews were generally positive. Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times called it "a good piece of fiction, which, with all its feverish stunts, is blessed with bright dialogue and a good quota of relatively restrained scenes". Hall described Colbert's performance as "engaging and lively" and Gable as "excellent". The movie also premiered at the Radio City Music Hall.[26] Variety reported that it was "without a particularly strong plot" but "manages to come through in a big way, due to the acting, dialog, situations and directing".[27] Film Daily praised it as "a lively yarn, fast-moving, plenty humorous, racy enough to be tantalizing, and yet perfectly decorous".[28] The New York Herald Tribune called it "lively and amusing".[29]

John Mosher of The New Yorker panned it as "pretty much nonsense and quite dreary" which was probably the review Capra had in mind when he recalled in his autobiography that "sophisticated" critics had dismissed the film.[30][31] Despite the positive reviews, the film was only moderately successful in its initial run. After it was released to secondary movie houses, ticket sales became brisk, especially in smaller towns where the film's characters and simple romance struck a chord with moviegoers who were not surrounded by luxury.[29] It turned out to be a major box office smash, easily Columbia's biggest hit until the late 1980s.[32] During its initial release, the film earned $1 million in theater rentals from the United States and Canada.[33]

Rotten Tomatoes compiled 108 reviews of the film to form a 98% score and an average rating of 9.1/10. The consensus reads, "Capturing its stars and director at their finest, It Happened One Night remains unsurpassed by the countless romantic comedies it has inspired".[34] The film holds a score of 87 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 16 critics.[35]

Colbert was nominated for an Academy Award, but decided not to attend the ceremony since she felt she would not win and planned to take a cross-country railroad trip. After she was named the winner, studio chief Harry Cohn sent someone to "drag her off" the train, which had not yet departed, to bring her to the ceremony. Colbert arrived wearing a two-piece traveling suit which she had had the Paramount Pictures costume designer, Travis Banton, make for her trip.[36]

Academy Awards

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The film won all five of the Academy Awards for which it was nominated at the 7th Academy Awards for 1934:

Award Result Winner
Outstanding Production Won Frank Capra and Harry Cohn (for Columbia Pictures)
Best Director Won Frank Capra
Best Actor Won Clark Gable
Best Actress Won Claudette Colbert
Best Adaptation Won Robert Riskin

It Happened One Night was the first film to win the "Big Five" Academy Awards (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress and Best Writing). As of 2022, only two other films have matched this feat: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in 1975 and The Silence of the Lambs in 1991.[37]

On December 15, 1996, Gable's Oscar was auctioned off to Steven Spielberg for $607,500, who donated the statuette to the Motion Picture Academy.[38] In June of the following year, Colbert's Oscar was offered for auction by Christie's but attracted no bids.[39]

Others

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The film was included in the following American Film Institute lists:

Influence

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It Happened One Night made an immediate impact on the public. In one scene, Gable undresses for bed, taking off his shirt to reveal that he is bare-chested. An urban legend claims that, as a result, sales of men's undershirts declined noticeably.[45] The movie also prominently features a Greyhound bus in the story, spurring interest in bus travel nationwide.[46]

The unpublished memoirs of animator Friz Freleng mention that this was one of his favorite films. It Happened One Night has a few interesting parallels with, and may have even inspired certain characteristics of, the cartoon character Bugs Bunny, who made his first appearance six years later, and who Freleng helped develop. In the film, a minor character, Oscar Shapely, continually calls the Gable character "Doc," an imaginary character named "Bugs Dooley" is mentioned once in order to frighten Shapely, and there is also a scene in which Gable eats carrots while talking quickly with his mouth full, as Bugs does.[47]

Restoration

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In 2013 It Happened One Night was digitally restored. A new wet-gate master was produced by Sony Colorworks for scanning at 4K. The images were digitally treated at Prasad Corporation to remove dirt, tears, scratches, and other artifacts. Care was taken to preserve the original look of the film.[48]

Remakes and adaptations

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The film has inspired a number of remakes, including the musicals Eve Knew Her Apples (1945) starring Ann Miller and You Can't Run Away from It (1956) starring June Allyson and Jack Lemmon, which was directed and produced by Dick Powell.[49]

It Happened One Night was adapted as a one-hour radio play on the March 20, 1939 broadcast of Lux Radio Theatre, with Colbert and Gable reprising their roles.[50] The screenplay was also adapted as a radio play for the January 28, 1940, broadcast of The Campbell Playhouse, starring Orson Welles (Mr. Andrews), William Powell (Peter Warne) and Miriam Hopkins (Ellie Andrews).[51][52]

It Happened One Night has been adapted into numerous Indian films. These include three Hindi adaptations: Chori Chori (1956), Nau Do Gyarah (1957) and Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin (1991),[53] one Bengali adaptation Chaoa Paoa (1959),[54] two Tamil adaptations: Chandrodayam (1966) and Kadhal Rojavae (2000),[53][55] and one Kannada adaptation Hudugaata (2007).[56]

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The 1937 Laurel and Hardy comedy Way Out West parodied the famous hitchhiking scene with Stan Laurel managing to stop a stage coach using the same technique.[57] Mel Brooks's film Spaceballs (1987) parodies the wedding scene. As she walks down the aisle to wed Prince Valium, Princess Vespa (Daphne Zuniga) is told by King Roland (Dick Van Patten) that Lone Starr (Bill Pullman) forsook the reward for the princess's return and only asked to be reimbursed for the cost of the trip.[58]

Other films have used familiar plot points from It Happened One Night. In Bandits (2001), Joe Blake (Bruce Willis) erects a blanket partition between motel room beds out of respect for Kate Wheeler's (Cate Blanchett's) privacy. He remarks that he saw people do the same thing in an old movie.[59] In Sex and the City 2, Carrie and Mr. Big watch the film (specifically the hitchhiking scene) in a hotel; later in the film Carrie uses the idea which she got from the film to get a taxi in the Middle East.

In "The Bogman of Letchmoor Heath", the second episode of the horror/comedy television series She-Wolf of London (1990–1991), lead characters Randi Wallace (Kate Hodge) and Ian Matheson (Neil Dickson) rent a motel room, and, uncomfortable with the lack of privacy afforded, Ian stretches a bed sheet like a curtain between the two beds. Ian makes reference to It Happened One Night but Randi is unfamiliar with the film, remarking that she would rather "read a book".

Beginning in January 2014, the comic 9 Chickweed Lane tied a story arc to It Happened One Night when one of the characters, Lt. William O'Malley, is injured during World War II and believes himself to be Peter Warne. As he sneaks through German-occupied France, several plot points run parallel to that of It Happened One Night and he believes his French contact to be Ellen Andrews.[60]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "'It Happened One Night' (A)." Archived August 2, 2020, at the Wayback Machine British Board of Film Classification, March 13, 1934; retrieved November 18, 2014.
  2. ^ Rudy Behlmer, Behind the Scenes, Samuel French, 1990 p. 37
  3. ^ "Wall St. Researchers' Cheery Tone". Variety. November 7, 1962. p. 7.
  4. ^ Brown 1995, p. 118.
  5. ^ "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Archived from the original on December 17, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  6. ^ "National Film Registry." Archived March 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Library of Congress. Retrieved: October 28, 2011.
  7. ^ "Restoring the Frank Capra Classic, It Happened One Night". Archived July 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine CreativeCOW.net. Retrieved: April 16, 2014.
  8. ^ "Colorworks completes brilliant 4K restoration of Frank Capra classic 'It Happened One Night'". Archived April 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Shoot, November 18, 2013. Retrieved: April 16, 2014.
  9. ^ Catalog of Copyright Entries. Library of Congress. 1962. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  10. ^ Kotsabilas-Davis and Loy 1987, p. 94. Note: Loy described the first script she saw as "one of the worst [that] she had ever read."
  11. ^ Wiley and Bona 1987, p. 54.
  12. ^ Weems, Erik. It Happened One Night – Frank Capra. Archived April 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine eeweems.com, April 2013. Retrieved: April 1, 2015.
  13. ^ Chandler 2006, p. 102.
  14. ^ McBride 1992, p. 303.
  15. ^ "Loretta Young 1999." flickr.com. Retrieved: November 14, 2007.
  16. ^ Karney 1995, p. 252.
  17. ^ Tapert 1998, p. 172.
  18. ^ McBride 1992, pp. 304, 307.
  19. ^ "1934: Best Picture". Britannica Presents: All About Oscar. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013.
  20. ^ a b Harris 2002, pp. 112–114.
  21. ^ Capra 1971, p. 164.
  22. ^ a b c Pace, Eric. "Claudette Colbert, unflappable heroine of screwball comedies, is dead at 92." Archived February 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, July 31, 1996, p. D21.
  23. ^ Bidwell, Carol A. (1989). The Conejo Valley: Old and New Frontiers. Windsor Publications. p. 82. ISBN 9780897812993.
  24. ^ "Review: 'It Happened One Night'." Archived February 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine moviediva.com, April 2005. Retrieved: December 7, 2009.
  25. ^ Tueth, p. 20.
  26. ^ Hall, Mordaunt (February 23, 1934). "Claudette Colbert and Clark Gable in a Merry Jaunt From Miami to New York". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  27. ^ "It Happened One Night". Variety. New York. February 27, 1934. p. 17.
  28. ^ "It Happened One Night". Film Daily. New York. February 23, 1934. p. 6.
  29. ^ a b Mizejewski, p. 11.
  30. ^ Mosher, John C. (March 3, 1934). "The New Yorker". New York. p. 67.
  31. ^ Mizejewski, p. 12.
  32. ^ McBride 1992, pp. 308–309.
  33. ^ McBride, Joseph (1992). Frank Capra: The Catastrophe of Success. University Press of Mississippi. p. 309. ISBN 978-1-60473-839-1.
  34. ^ "It Happened One Night (1934)". Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2019 – via www.rottentomatoes.com.
  35. ^ "It Happened One Night Reviews". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
  36. ^ Sharon Fink. "Oscars: The Evolution of Fashion." St. Petersburg Times, February 24, 2007.
  37. ^ "Awards." Archived January 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine awardsdatabase.oscars.org. Retrieved: September 4, 2009.
  38. ^ McKittrick, Rosemary. "Gable's Gold: Auction cashes in on Hollywood idol." Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine liveauctiontalk.com. Retrieved: December 7, 2009.
  39. ^ Story, Paula (8 June 1997). "Marilyn Monroe's gown draws $57,000 at Christie's auction". APNews.com. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  40. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies" (PDF). American Film Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  41. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs" (PDF). American Film Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  42. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions" (PDF). American Film Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  43. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)" (PDF). American Film Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 6, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  44. ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10: Top 10 Romantic Comedy". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on June 15, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  45. ^ "The shirt off his back." Archived September 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine snopes.com, May 10, 2014. Retrieved: December 7, 2009.
  46. ^ "Historical Timeline." Archived December 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Greyhound. Retrieved: October 14, 2011.
  47. ^ Dirks, Tim. "Review: 'It Happened One Night'." filmsite.org. Retrieved: December 7, 2009.
  48. ^ "Capra's classic 'It Happened One Night' restored in 4K". Randi Altman's PostPerspective. November 18, 2013. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  49. ^ Dirks, Tim. "It Happened One Night (1934) ." Filmsite Movie Reviews. Retrieved: November 17, 2011.
  50. ^ "Pittsburgh Radio Programs - Monday Afternoon and Evening". The Pittsburgh Press. March 20, 1939. p. 9. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  51. ^ "The Campbell Playhouse: It Happened One Night". Orson Welles on the Air, 1938–1946. Indiana University Bloomington. January 28, 1940. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
  52. ^ "Sunday Radio Programs – Today's Best Bets". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (New York). January 28, 1940. p. 6B. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  53. ^ a b Guy, Randor (September 11, 2014). "It happened to be a hit!". The Hindu. Archived from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  54. ^ "Watch: Five iconic Suchitra Sen scenes from her best movies". Firstpost. January 17, 2014. Archived from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
  55. ^ Padmanabhan, Savitha (January 21, 2000). "Film Review:Kadhal Rojavae". The Hindu. Archived from the original on March 18, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  56. ^ "Hudugaata". Sify. June 10, 2007. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  57. ^ "Way Out West (1937)." Archived October 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Filmsite Review. Retrieved: October 14, 2011.
  58. ^ Crick 2009, p. 158.
  59. ^ Granger, Susan. "Bandits." Archived January 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine All Reviews, 2001. Retrieved: October 14, 2011.
  60. ^ McEldowney, Brooke. "9 Chickweed Lane". Archived April 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine gocomics.com. Retrieved: April 29, 2014.

Bibliography

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  • Brown, Gene. Movie Time: A Chronology of Hollywood and the Movie Industry from Its Beginnings to the Present. New York: Macmillan, 1995. ISBN 0-02-860429-6.
  • Capra, Frank. Frank Capra, The Name Above the Title: An Autobiography. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1971. ISBN 0-306-80771-8.
  • Chandler, Charlotte. The Girl Who Walked Home Alone: Bette Davis, A Personal Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006. ISBN 0-7432-6208-5.
  • Crick, Robert Alan. The Big Screen Comedies of Mel Brooks. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2009. ISBN 978-0-7864-4326-0.
  • Harris, Warren G. Clark Gable, A Biography. London: Aurum Press, 2002. ISBN 1-85410-904-9.
  • Hirschnor, Joel. Rating the Movie Stars for Home Video, TV and Cable. Lincolnwood, Illinois: Publications International Limited, 1983. ISBN 0-88176-152-4.
  • Karney, Robyn. Chronicle of the Cinema, 100 Years of the Movies. London: Dorling Kindersley, 1995. ISBN 0-7513-3001-9.
  • Kotsabilas-Davis, James and Myrna Loy. Being and Becoming. New York: Primus, Donald I. Fine Inc., 1987. ISBN 1-55611-101-0.
  • McBride, Joseph. Frank Capra: The Catastrophe of Success. New York: Touchstone Books, 1992. ISBN 0-671-79788-3.
  • Mizejewski, Linda. It Happened One Night. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4443-1016-0.
  • Michael, Paul, ed. The Great Movie Book: A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference Guide to the Best-loved Films of the Sound Era. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1980. ISBN 0-13-363663-1.
  • Shirer, William L. Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent 1934–1941. Edison, New Jersey: BBS Publishing Corporation, 1985. ISBN 978-0-88365-922-9.
  • Tapert, Annette (1998). The Power of Glamour : The Women Who Defined the Magic of Stardom. New York : Crown. ISBN 978-0-517-70376-2.
  • Tueth, Michael V. Reeling with Laughter: American Film Comedies—from Anarchy to Mockumentary. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-81088-367-3.
  • Wiley, Mason and Damien Bona. Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York: Ballantine Books, 1987. ISBN 0-345-34453-7.
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