Ninth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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To allow non-Irish citizens to vote in general elections | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Ninth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1984 (previously bill no. 11 of 1984) is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland that allowed for the extension of the right to vote in elections to Dáil Éireann (the house of representatives of the Oireachtas) to non-Irish citizens. It was approved by referendum on 14 June 1984, the same day as the European Parliament election, and signed into law on 2 August of the same year.
Background[edit]
Article 16 of the Constitution of Ireland as approved in 1937, and amended in 1972 to lower the voting age, provided that the franchise for elections to Dáil Éireann would be citizens who have reached the age of 18. The Electoral Amendment Bill 1983, proposed by the Fine Gael–Labour Party government led by Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald, would have amended the Electoral Act 1963 to allow British citizens as defined by the British Nationality Act 1981 to vote in elections to Dáil Éireann. This was to reciprocate the Representation of the People Act 1949, a British statute, which among other provisions had granted Irish citizens resident in the United Kingdom the right to vote in elections to the British parliament.
The Bill was referred by President Patrick Hillery to the Supreme Court under Article 26 of the Constitution. In a judgment delivered on 8 February 1984, they found the bill to be unconstitutional.[1]
In response, the government then proposed a constitutional amendment which would specifically allow the franchise in elections to Dáil Éireann to be extended to non-Irish citizens. This did not affect presidential elections or referendums, where the text of the Constitution continued to specify citizens only.
Changes to the text[edit]
Deletion of the entirety of Article 16.1.2°:
Every citizen without distinction of sex who has reached the age of eighteen years who is not disqualified by law and complies with the provisions of the law relating to the election of members of Dáil Éireann, shall have the right to vote at an election for members of Dáil Éireann.
Substitution of new Article 16.1.2°:
- i. All citizens, and
without distinction of sex who have reached the age of eighteen years who are not disqualified by law and comply with the provisions of the law relating to the election of members of Dáil Éireann, shall have the right to vote at an election for members of Dáil Éireann.
- ii. such other persons in the State as may be determined by law,
Amendment to Article 16.1.3° by the addition of the text in bold:
No law shall be enacted placing any citizen under disability or incapacity for membership of Dáil Éireann on the ground of sex or disqualifying any citizen or any other person from voting at an election for members of Dáil Éireann on that ground.
Oireachtas debates[edit]
The Ninth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1984 was proposed by Minister for the Environment Liam Kavanagh on 11 April 1984.[2] It had the support of opposition party Fianna Fáil and passed all stages of the Dáil without amendment on that day.[3] It passed all stages of the Seanad on the same day.[4]
Information to voters[edit]
Under the provisions of the Referendum Act 1984, the changes was described on the polling card sent to voters as:[5]
The Ninth Amendment of the Constitution Bill, 1984, proposes to extend the right conferred on citizens to vote at elections for members of Dáil Éireann to such other persons in the State who have reached the age of 18 years as may be specified by legislation enacted by the Oireachtas.
Result[edit]
| Choice | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|
 Yes
|
828,483 | 75.40 |
| No | 270,250 | 24.60 |
| Valid votes | 1,098,733 | 96.47 |
| Invalid or blank votes | 40,162 | 3.53 |
| Total votes | 1,138,895 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 2,399,257 | 47.47 |
| Source: Referendum Results 1937–2015 | ||
| Constituency | Electorate | Turnout (%) | Votes | Proportion of votes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | |||
| County Carlow | 27,838 | 45.7% | 9,272 | 3,077 | 75.1% | 24.9% |
| County Cavan | 39,012 | 54.8% | 15,228 | 5,114 | 74.9% | 25.1% |
| County Clare | 62,782 | 51.7% | 25,119 | 6,082 | 80.6% | 19.4% |
| Cork City | 90,442 | 39.4% | 26,325 | 8,269 | 76.1% | 23.9% |
| County Cork | 182,816 | 56.5% | 76,884 | 22,431 | 77.5% | 22.5% |
| County Donegal | 89,072 | 55.0% | 31,950 | 13,991 | 69.6% | 30.4% |
| Dublin City | 379,501 | 39.8% | 107,191 | 40,347 | 72.7% | 27.3% |
| County Dublin | 319,818 | 42.2% | 99,771 | 32,710 | 75.4% | 24.6% |
| County Galway | 124,762 | 39.5% | 37,422 | 10,092 | 78.8% | 21.2% |
| County Kerry | 86,653 | 48.2% | 29,625 | 10,189 | 74.5% | 25.5% |
| County Kildare | 71,584 | 41.5% | 22,491 | 6,510 | 77.6% | 22.4% |
| County Kilkenny | 48,538 | 47.5% | 17,384 | 4,833 | 78.3% | 21.7% |
| County Laois | 34,472 | 63.1% | 15,774 | 5,206 | 75.2% | 24.8% |
| County Leitrim | 20,887 | 68.4% | 9,721 | 3,745 | 72.2% | 27.8% |
| Limerick City | 39,034 | 42.3% | 12,258 | 3,723 | 76.8% | 23.2% |
| County Limerick | 70,625 | 51.8% | 27,825 | 7,259 | 79.4% | 20.6% |
| County Longford | 21,704 | 50.0% | 7,965 | 2,320 | 77.5% | 22.5% |
| County Louth | 60,448 | 45.4% | 18,128 | 8,288 | 68.7% | 31.3% |
| County Mayo | 83,217 | 51.1% | 31,966 | 8,945 | 78.2% | 21.8% |
| County Meath | 66,974 | 50.3% | 24,529 | 7,932 | 75.6% | 24.4% |
| County Monaghan | 35,885 | 54.2% | 12,875 | 5,367 | 70.6% | 29.4% |
| County Offaly | 39,615 | 67.1% | 18,987 | 6,452 | 74.7% | 25.3% |
| County Roscommon | 38,741 | 53.4% | 15,638 | 4,259 | 78.6% | 21.4% |
| County Sligo | 38,822 | 59.5% | 17,045 | 5,154 | 76.8% | 23.2% |
| North Tipperary | 41,103 | 55.5% | 16,629 | 5,258 | 76.0% | 24.0% |
| South Tipperary | 52,631 | 55.3% | 22,047 | 5,875 | 79.0% | 21.0% |
| Waterford City | 24,988 | 42.9% | 7,678 | 2,738 | 73.8% | 26.2% |
| County Waterford | 35,064 | 48.4% | 12,507 | 3,760 | 76.9% | 23.1% |
| County Westmeath | 42,255 | 46.9% | 14,669 | 4,433 | 76.8% | 23.2% |
| County Wexford | 68,455 | 51.3% | 23,948 | 9,778 | 71.1% | 28.9% |
| County Wicklow | 61,519 | 42.8% | 19,632 | 6,113 | 76.3% | 23.7% |
| Total | 2,399,257 | 47.5% | 828,483 | 270,250 | 75.4% | 24.6% |
Note: For this referendum, the constituencies used were each county and county borough (city), which were deemed under section 2 of the Referendum (Amendment) Act 1984 to be constituencies for the purpose of the poll.[7] Usually in Irish referendums the Dáil Éireann general election constituencies are used.
Aftermath[edit]
The Electoral (Amendment) Act 1985 was passed the following year. This amended the Electoral Act 1963 to grant the vote to British citizens. It also allowed the Minister for the Environment to extend the franchise to citizens of a member of the European Communities on a reciprocal basis. To date, no such order has been made for any other country.[8]
See also[edit]
- Irish nationality law
- Citizenship
- Politics of the Republic of Ireland
- History of the Republic of Ireland
- Constitutional amendment
References[edit]
- ^ O'Higgins CJ (8 February 1984). "In the Matter of Article 26 of the Constitution and in the Matter of The Electoral (Amendment) Bill, 1983". Irish Reports: 268.
- ^ "Ninth Amendment of the Constitution Bill, 1984 — Second Stage". Houses of the Oireachtas. 11 April 1984. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ "Ninth Amendment of the Constitution Bill, 1984: Committee and Final Stages". Houses of the Oireachtas. 11 April 1984. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ "Ninth Amendment of the Constitution Bill, 1984: Committee and Final Stages". Houses of the Oireachtas. 11 April 1984. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ "Referendum (Amendment) Act, 1984". Irish Statute Book. Attorney General of Ireland. 17 April 1984. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ "Referendum Results 1937–2015" (PDF). Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government. 23 August 2016. p. 39. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
- ^ "Referendum Results 1937–2015" (PDF). Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government. 23 August 2016. p. 38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
- ^ "Electoral (Amendment) Act, 1985". Irish Statute Book. Attorney General of Ireland. 17 April 1984. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.