Norman Malcolm
Norman Malcolm | |
|---|---|
| Born | 11 June 1911 |
| Died | 4 August 1990 (aged 79) London, UK |
| Alma mater | University of Nebraska Harvard University |
| Era | 20th-century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Analytic philosophy |
| Institutions | Cornell University |
| Academic advisors | O. K. Bouwsma C. I. Lewis[1] Ludwig Wittgenstein |
Main interests | Philosophy of mind |
Notable ideas | Criticism of common sense beliefs, Ontological argument from the distinction between necessary and contingent beings |
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Norman Adrian Malcolm (/ˈmælkəm/; 11 June 1911 – 4 August 1990) was an American philosopher.
Biography[edit]
Malcolm was born in Selden, Kansas. He studied philosophy with O. K. Bouwsma at the University of Nebraska, then enrolled as a graduate student at Harvard University in 1933.
At Cambridge University in 1938–9, he met G. E. Moore and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Malcolm attended Wittgenstein's lectures on the philosophical foundations of mathematics throughout 1939 and remained one of Wittgenstein's closest friends. Malcolm's memoir of his time with Wittgenstein, published in 1958, is widely acclaimed as one of the most captivating and most accurate portraits of Wittgenstein's remarkable personality.
After serving in the United States Navy from 1942 to 1945, Malcolm, with his wife, Leonida, and their son, Raymond Charles Malcolm, resided in Cambridge again in 1946–47. He saw a good deal of Wittgenstein during that time, and they continued to correspond frequently thereafter. In 1947, Malcolm joined the faculty at Cornell University, where he taught until his retirement. In 1949, Wittgenstein was a guest of the Malcolms in Ithaca, New York. In that year Malcolm introduced O. K. Bouwsma to Wittgenstein. Bouwsma remained close to Wittgenstein until Wittgenstein's death in 1951.
Philosophical work[edit]
In 1959, his book Dreaming was published, in which he elaborated on Wittgenstein's question as to whether it really mattered if people who tell dreams "really had these images while they slept, or whether it merely seems so to them on waking". This work was also a response to Descartes' Meditations.[1]
Other than that he is known for propagating the view that common sense philosophy and ordinary language philosophy are the same. He was generally supportive of Moore's theory of knowledge and certitude, though he found Moore's style and method of arguing to be ineffective.[2] His critique of Moore's articles on skepticism (and also on Moore's 'Here is a hand' argument) lay the foundation for the renewed interest in common sense philosophy and ordinary language philosophy.[3]
Malcolm was also a defender of a modal version of the ontological argument. In 1960 he argued that the argument originally presented by Anselm of Canterbury in the second chapter of his Proslogion was just an inferior version of the argument propounded in chapter three.[4][5] His argument is similar to those produced by Charles Hartshorne and Alvin Plantinga. Malcolm argued that a God cannot simply exist as a matter of contingency but rather must exist in necessity if at all. He argued that if God exists in contingency then his existence is subject to a series of conditions that would then be greater than God and this would be a contradiction (referring to Anselm's definition of God as That than which Nothing Greater can be Conceived).
Publications[edit]
His works include:
- Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir
- Moore and Ordinary Language
- Wittgenstein: A Religious Point Of View?
- Nothing Is Hidden: Wittgenstein's criticism of his early thought
- Problems of Mind: Descartes to Wittgenstein
- Knowledge and Belief
- Consciousness and Causality (with D. M. Armstrong)
- Memory and Mind
- Dreaming and Skepticism
- Wittgenstein: The Relation of Language to Instinctive Behaviour (J.R.Jones Memorial Lecture) Publisher: University of Wales, Swansea (Dec 1981) ISBN 0860760243
- Thought and knowledge
- Wittgensteinian themes (edited by Georg Henrik von Wright) and Dreaming.
References[edit]
- ^ "Malcolm, Norman (1911–1990)" – Encyclopedia.com
- ^ Norman Malcolm (1952), "Moore and Ordinary Language", The Philosophy of G. E. Moore
- ^ Scott Soames (2003) "Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth Century, Volume II: The Age of Meaning." Chapter 7
- ^ Norman Malcolm (1960), "Anselm's Ontological Arguments," Philosophical Review, 69:41–62.
- ^ Case, Brendan. "Bonaventure's Critique of Thomas Aquinas". Church Life Journal. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
Though no one pointed this out explicitly until Norman Malcolm in the mid-twentieth century, Bonaventure and Aquinas alike seem to have recognized that Anselm in fact developed two distinct versions of the ontological argument.[42] Malcolm distinguishes them as follows: Anselm's "first ontological proof [in Pros. 2] uses the principle that a thing is greater if it exists than if it does not exist. His second proof [in Pros. 3] employs the different principle that a thing is greater if it necessarily exists than if it does not necessarily exist."[...][42] The first person to explicitly flag that there are two distinct arguments in Prologion 2-3 was Norman Malcolm, in "Anselm's Ontological Arguments," 44-46.
Further reading[edit]
- "Norman Malcolm: A Memoir" (requires subscription) Anthony Serafini, in the journal Philosophy, published by the Royal Institute of Philosophy, 68:265265, 309–324, Cambridge University Press, 1993.
- Norman Malcolm, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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