1802 in science

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The year 1802 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy[edit]

March 28 – H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid Pallas, the second known.
May 6 – William Herschel coins the term asteroid^[1]^[2] and on July 1 first uses the term binary star to refer to a star which revolves around another.^[3]

Biology[edit]

Pierre André Latreille begins publication of his Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des crustacés et insectes.
George Montagu publishes his Ornithological Dictionary; or Alphabetical Synopsis of British Birds.
In the history of evolutionary thought
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck publishes Recherches sur l'Organisation des Corps Vivants, proposing that all life is organized in a vertical chain of progressive complexity.^[4]
- Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus begins publication of Biologie; oder die Philosophie der lebenden Natur, proposing a theory of the transmutation of species.

Chemistry[edit]

June – The first account of Thomas Wedgwood's experiments in photography using silver nitrate is published by Humphry Davy in the Journal of the Royal Institution in London.^[5]^[6]^[7] Since a fixative for the image has not yet been devised, the early photographs quickly fade.
July – William Hyde Wollaston notes the discovery of the noble metal palladium.
Charles's law (the "law of volumes"), describing how gases tend to expand when heated, is first published in France by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac.^[8]

Ecology[edit]

Civil engineer and geographer François Antoine Rauch publishes Harmonie hydro-végétale et météorologique: ou recherches sur les moyens de recréer avec nos forêts la force des températures et la régularité des saisons par des plantations raisonnées in Paris, arguing against deforestation.

Geology[edit]

James Smithson proves that zinc carbonates are true carbonate minerals and not zinc oxides, as was previously thought.^[9]^[10]
John Playfair publishes Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth in Edinburgh, popularising James Hutton's theory of geology.
James Sowerby begins to issue his British Mineralogy, or, coloured figures intended to elucidate the mineralogy of Great Britain in London, the first comprehensive illustrated reference work on the subject.

Medicine[edit]

June – The first pediatric hospital, the Hôpital des Enfants Malades, opens in Paris, on the site of a previous orphanage.^[11]
London Fever Hospital founded.
Charles Bell publishes The Anatomy of the Brain, Explained in a Series of Engravings.^[12]

Meteorology[edit]

December – Luke Howard presents the basis of the modern classification and nomenclature of clouds, at a lecture in London.

Physics[edit]

Johann Wilhelm Ritter builds the first electrochemical cell.^[13]^[14]

Surveying[edit]

April 10 – Great Trigonometric Survey of India begins with the measurement of a baseline near Madras.

Technology[edit]

November 5 – Marc Isambard Brunel begins installation of his blockmaking machinery at Portsmouth Block Mills in England.^[15]
George Bodley of Exeter in England patents the first enclosed kitchen stove.^[16]^[17]

Publications[edit]

January 2 – Rev. Abraham Rees begins publication in London of The New Cyclopædia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.^[18]

Awards[edit]

Copley Medal: William Hyde Wollaston^[19]

Births[edit]

February 6 – Charles Wheatstone, English inventor (died 1875)
April 4 – Dorothea Dix, American mental health reformer (died 1887)
July 9 – Thomas Davenport, American inventor (died 1851)
August 5 – Niels Henrik Abel, Norwegian mathematician (died 1829)
October 10 – Hugh Miller, Scottish geologist (suicide 1856)
December 15 – János Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (died 1860)

Deaths[edit]

April 14 – John Mackay, Scottish botanist (born 1772)
April 18 – Erasmus Darwin, English author of Zoonomia (born 1731)
November 16 – André Michaux, French botanist (born 1746)

References[edit]

^ Herschel, William (6 May 1802). "Observations on the two lately discovered celestial Bodies". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 92: 213–232. doi:10.1098/rstl.1802.0010. JSTOR 107120.
^ Hilton, James L. (2001-09-17). "When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets?". Archived from the original on 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
^ Herschel, William (1802). "Catalogue of 500 New Nebulae, Nebulous Stars, Planetary Nebulae, and Clusters of Stars; With Remarks on the Construction of the Heavens" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 92: 477–528 [481]. Bibcode:1802RSPT...92..477H. doi:10.1098/rstl.1802.0021. JSTOR 107131.
^ Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1905). From the Greeks to Darwin: an outline of the development of the evolution idea (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan. p. 160.
^ "An Account of a method of copying Painting upon Glass and making profiles, by the agency of Light upon Nitrate of Silver." Invented by T. Wedgwood, Esq. with Observations by H. Davy.
^ Hirsch, Robert (2017). Seizing the Light: A Social & Aesthetic History of Photography. Taylor & Francis.
^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 354. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
^ Gay-Lussac, J. L. "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs". Annales de chimie. XLIII: 137. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
^ "Who was James Smithson? – A Man of Science". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-18.
^ Smithson, James (1803). "A Chemical Analysis of Some Calamines". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Pt. I. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
^ Ballbriga, Angel (1991). "One century of pediatrics in Europe". In Nichols, Buford L.; Ballabriga, A.; Kretchmer, N. (eds.). History of Pediatrics 1850–1950. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. Vol. 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-88167-695-0.
^ Jacyna, L. S. (2004). "Bell, Sir Charles (1774–1842)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1999. Retrieved 2011-04-06. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
^ Berg, Hermann (2008). "Johann Wilhelm Ritter: the Founder of Scientific Electrochemistry". Review of Polarography. 54 (2): 99–103. doi:10.5189/revpolarography.54.99.
^ Wetzels, Walter D. (1978). "J. W. Ritter: the Beginnings of Electrochemistry in Germany". In Dubpernell, G.; Westbrook, J. H. (eds.). Selected Topics in the History of Electrochemistry. Princeton: Electrochemical Society. pp. 68–73.
^ Bagust, Harold (2006). The Greater Genius? – a biography of Marc Isambard Brunel. Hersham: Ian Allan. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7110-3175-3.
^ Cornforth, David; Speight, Anne (2009-05-03). "Bodley & Co". Exeter Memories. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
^ "The History of Ranges". Tarvin: Antique Fireplaces & Ranges. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
^ Underwood, John (Spring–Summer 2010). "The subversive encyclopedia". Science Museum Library & Archives Newsletter. Science Museum at Wroughton. Archived from the original on 2011-01-17. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.

[1] Herschel, William (6 May 1802). "Observations on the two lately discovered celestial Bodies". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 92: 213–232. doi:10.1098/rstl.1802.0010. JSTOR 107120.

[2] Hilton, James L. (2001-09-17). "When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets?". Archived from the original on 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2006-08-16.

[3] Herschel, William (1802). "Catalogue of 500 New Nebulae, Nebulous Stars, Planetary Nebulae, and Clusters of Stars; With Remarks on the Construction of the Heavens" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 92: 477–528 [481]. Bibcode:1802RSPT...92..477H. doi:10.1098/rstl.1802.0021. JSTOR 107131.

[4] Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1905). From the Greeks to Darwin: an outline of the development of the evolution idea (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan. p. 160.

[5] "An Account of a method of copying Painting upon Glass and making profiles, by the agency of Light upon Nitrate of Silver." Invented by T. Wedgwood, Esq. with Observations by H. Davy.

[6] Hirsch, Robert (2017). Seizing the Light: A Social & Aesthetic History of Photography. Taylor & Francis.

[7] Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 354. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.

[8] Gay-Lussac, J. L. "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs". Annales de chimie. XLIII: 137. Retrieved 29 September 2010.

[9] "Who was James Smithson? – A Man of Science". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-18.

[10] Smithson, James (1803). "A Chemical Analysis of Some Calamines". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Pt. I. Retrieved 25 February 2011.

[11] Ballbriga, Angel (1991). "One century of pediatrics in Europe". In Nichols, Buford L.; Ballabriga, A.; Kretchmer, N. (eds.). History of Pediatrics 1850–1950. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. Vol. 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-88167-695-0.

[12] Jacyna, L. S. (2004). "Bell, Sir Charles (1774–1842)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1999. Retrieved 2011-04-06. (subscription or UK public library membership required)

[13] Berg, Hermann (2008). "Johann Wilhelm Ritter: the Founder of Scientific Electrochemistry". Review of Polarography. 54 (2): 99–103. doi:10.5189/revpolarography.54.99.

[14] Wetzels, Walter D. (1978). "J. W. Ritter: the Beginnings of Electrochemistry in Germany". In Dubpernell, G.; Westbrook, J. H. (eds.). Selected Topics in the History of Electrochemistry. Princeton: Electrochemical Society. pp. 68–73.

[15] Bagust, Harold (2006). The Greater Genius? – a biography of Marc Isambard Brunel. Hersham: Ian Allan. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7110-3175-3.

[16] Cornforth, David; Speight, Anne (2009-05-03). "Bodley & Co". Exeter Memories. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

[17] "The History of Ranges". Tarvin: Antique Fireplaces & Ranges. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

[18] Underwood, John (Spring–Summer 2010). "The subversive encyclopedia". Science Museum Library & Archives Newsletter. Science Museum at Wroughton. Archived from the original on 2011-01-17. Retrieved 2011-11-12.

[19] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.

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