The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad

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The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Story by
Based onThe Wind in the Willows
by Kenneth Grahame
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"
by Washington Irving
Produced byWalt Disney
Starring
Edited byJohn O. Young
Music byOliver Wallace
Production
company
Distributed byRKO Radio Pictures
Release date
  • October 5, 1949 (1949-10-05)
Running time
68 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Box office$1.625 million (worldwide rentals)[1]

The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad is a 1949 American animated anthology film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. It consists of two segments: the first based on Kenneth Grahame's 1908 children's novel The Wind in the Willows and narrated by Basil Rathbone, and the second based on Washington Irving's 1820 short story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and narrated by Bing Crosby. The production was supervised by Ben Sharpsteen, and was directed by Jack Kinney, Clyde Geronimi, and James Algar.

The film began development in 1940 as a single-narrative, full-length feature based on The Wind in the Willows. After a series of production delays, the project was cut down to a short film and eventually merged with The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, which also began production as a full-length feature, into a package film in 1947. The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad is the last of the studio's package film era of the 1940s, following Saludos Amigos (1942), The Three Caballeros (1944), Make Mine Music (1946), Fun and Fancy Free (1947), and Melody Time (1948); they returned to full-length animated films starting with Cinderella in 1950.[2] Disney would not produce another package film until The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977).

It was released in theaters on October 5, 1949. Beginning in 1955, the two segments of the film were separated, and televised as part of the Disneyland television series. They were later marketed and sold separately on home video.[3]

Plot[edit]

As the film's animated segments are based on literary works, they are both introduced in live-action scenes set in a library as a framing device. The first segment is introduced and narrated by Basil Rathbone, and the second segment is introduced and narrated by Bing Crosby.

The Wind in the Willows[edit]

The first segment is based on the 1908 novel by Kenneth Grahame. The scene takes place in London, England, between August 12, 1907 and January 1, 1908. The protagonist J. Thaddeus Toad, Esq. is introduced as the story's "one disturbing element", an incurable adventurer who never counted the cost. Although he is the wealthy owner of the Toad Hall estate, Toad's adventures and positive mania for various fads have brought him to the brink of bankruptcy. As a last resort, Toad's friend Angus MacBadger volunteers as Toad's bookkeeper to help Toad keep his estate, which is a source of pride in the community.

One summer day, MacBadger asks Toad's best friends Ratty (a water rat) and Moley (a mole) to persuade Toad to give up his latest mania of recklessly driving about the countryside in a horse and gypsy cart, which is accumulating a great deal of financial liability in damaged property. Ratty and Moley confront Toad, but they are unable to change his mind. Toad then sees a motor car for the first time and becomes entranced by the new car, having been taken over by motor mania.

To keep Toad out of trouble and protect Toad Hall, Ratty and Moley lock him in his bed chambers. However, Toad breaks free and is later arrested, getting charged with car theft. At his trial, Toad represents himself and calls his horse Cyril as his first witness. Cyril testifies that the car which Toad was accused of taking had been stolen by a gang of weasels. Toad had entered a tavern where the car was parked and offered to buy the car from the gang. However, since Toad had no money, he instead offered to trade Toad Hall for the car. The prosecutor and judge show disbelief toward the statement, so Toad then calls the bartender, Mr. Winkie, as a witness. However, when told by Toad to explain what actually happened, Winkie claims instead that Toad had tried to sell him the stolen car. Toad is found guilty on the spot and sentenced to 20 years in the Tower of London. As the months passed by, Toad's friends make every effort to appeal his case, but to no avail.

Then, on Christmas Eve, Cyril visits Toad in disguise as his grandmother and helps him escape by giving him a secondary disguise of his own. Toad runs to a railway station and hijacks an engine and drives out of the station heading toward the riverbank without getting caught by the police riding another engine, coming to Ratty's house. Just then, MacBadger visits Ratty and Moley to tell them that he discovered that Winkie is the leader of the weasel gang, who have taken over Toad Hall, proving that Toad had indeed traded his estate for the stolen car; Winkie himself is in possession of the deed. Knowing that Toad is still guilty in the eyes of the law and the deed bearing his and Winkie's signature would prove Toad's innocence, the quartet sneak into Toad Hall and narrowly manage to steal the deed back following a chase around the estate.

The movie then ends on New Year's Day with Toad exonerated and regaining his house while it is implied that Winkie and the gang have been arrested. As MacBadger, Ratty, and Moley celebrate the New Year with a toast to Toad, who they believe has completely reformed, Toad and Cyril recklessly fly past on a 1903 Wright Flyer; Toad has not truly reformed and developed a mania for planes.

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow[edit]

The film starts with Ichabod Crane arriving in Sleepy Hollow, New York, a small village outside Tarrytown that is renowned for its ghostly hauntings, to be the town's new schoolmaster. Despite his odd behavior, appearance, and effeminate mannerisms, Ichabod soon wins the hearts of the village's women and forms good friendships with his students. Brom Bones, the roguish town hero and bully, does his best to pull some pranks on Ichabod. However, Ichabod is very good at ignoring these taunts and continues to act charmingly with the townspeople. One day, Ichabod meets and falls in love with a young Dutch woman named Katrina, the beautiful daughter of the wealthy Baltus van Tassel (and Brom's unofficial fiancee). Despite being obsessed with Katrina's beauty, Ichabod mainly desires to take her family's money for himself. Brom, who has never been challenged before, proceeds to compete badly and unfairly with the schoolmaster, but Ichabod wins Katrina over at every opportunity. Intrigued by this, Katrina uses Ichabod to tease Brom, making him jealous and angry.

The two rivals are invited to the van Tassel Halloween party. Brom maniacally attempts to get Ichabod to dance with a new woman instead of Katrina, and later attempts to have him fall through a cellar door, but both attempts backfire. While both men dine, Brom catches Ichabod accidentally knocking a salt shaker over and nervously tossing salt over his shoulder. Discovering that Ichabod's weakness is superstition, he decides to sing the tale of the legendary Headless Horseman to scare him. The horseman supposedly travels the dark, spooky woods on Halloween each year, searching for a living head to replace the one which he has lost. The only way to escape the ghost is to cross a covered bridge. Katrina finds the song very amusing, while Ichabod, on the other hand, starts to fear for his life.

Riding home from the Halloween party, Ichabod becomes frightened of every sound he hears. His imagination begins to take over and heighten his fear and anxiety; as he passes through the Hollow, where the Headless Horseman is rumored to appear. While traveling through the old European cemetery, Ichabod believes he hears the sound of a unknown horse galloping toward him, but discovers the sound is being made by nearby cattails bumping on a log. He and his plow horse, tired old Gunpowder, begin to laugh, however, their laughter is cut short by the appearance of the real Headless Horseman, who mounted on a fiery black horse and carrying a jack-o’-lantern. Ichabod and Gunpowder run off with the horsemen in pursuit, and after being chased through the forest and nearly decapitated, Ichabod, remembering Brom's advice, attempts to cross over the bridge but ends up turning back towards the horseman where he looks inside to see that the horseman really doesn't have a head, He Finally rides across the covered bridge to stop the ghost's pursuit. But as he looks back to see his ghostly pursuer vanish, the horseman stops and throws the jack-o'-lantern and hits him with a crash.

The next morning, Ichabod's hat is found at the bridge next to the shattered jack-o-lantern, but the schoolmaster himself is nowhere to be found, which leaves his fate a mystery. Sometime later, Brom marries Katrina. Rumors begin to spread that Ichabod is still alive, married to a wealthy widow in a distant county with children who all look like him. However, the people of Sleepy Hollow sadly insist that he has been killed by the horseman.

The film then ends with the last picture of the horseman laughing. He then becomes a figure of the animated book, which closes and returns to the shelf. As the camera moves away from the library shelves, the lights suddenly turn off. The narrator, frightened, finishes the scene by saying: "Man, I'm getting out of here."

Voice cast[edit]

  • Bing Crosby as the Narrator of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow segment.[2]
    • Crosby also voiced Ichabod Crane[4] and Brom Bones.
  • Basil Rathbone as the Narrator of The Wind in the Willows segment.[2]
  • Eric Blore as J. Thaddeus Toad, Esq.,[5] a reckless and eccentric proprietor of Toad Hall, who ends up trading it for the motorcar.
  • J. Pat O'Malley as Cyril Proudbottom,[2] a laid-back and loyal horse, who joins Toad in most of his escapades.
  • John McLeish[a] as the Prosecuting Attorney
  • Colin Campbell as Mole,[2] Toad's timid and gentle close friend.
  • Campbell Grant as Angus MacBadger
  • Claud Allister as Water Rat,[2] Toad's uptight and serious close friend.
  • The Rhythmaires as the Sleepy Hollow villagers

Both Oliver Wallace and Alec Harford are credited with voicing Mr. Winkie, a wily and deceitful barman, who tricks Toad into trading his estate for the motorcar that he had stolen.[6][7] Wallace also provided Ichabod's whistle in the final chase scene.[8]

Production[edit]

Early development[edit]

I remember the Wind in the Willows stuff was on leica... It was about 47 minutes, as I recall, and the thing just sparkled. Everyone was so high on it. It was funny, and it was warm, and great characters, and gee, it just went. We said, there's our picture, and you put it into work, it's naturally going to expand to the hour 10, 15 [minutes] that you want—but it didn't. As you expanded it, it got soggy, and it got heavy, and it slowed up, and it lost all of that brightness that it had. Nobody knew why.

—Frank Thomas on the early development of The Wind in the Willows[9]

Walt Disney was introduced to Kenneth Grahame's 1908 children's novel The Wind in the Willows in 1934, when he received a copy of the book from an English correspondent.[10] During his European acquisition spree of properties for potential features in April 1938, Roy O. Disney acquired the rights to the novel,[11] but Walt showed no interest in adapting the story, finding it "awfully corny".[12] After reading the book,[12] story artist James Bodrero managed to convince Disney to put The Wind in the Willows into production,[10] which was originally intended to be a single-narrative feature, alternatively titled The Magnificent Mr. Toad.[13] The first story meetings were held as early as in September 1940,[14] and the film's production was officially confirmed the following month.[15] By April 1941, the animation work had begun[16] as animators and writers had come off from Bambi, which was nearly complete;[17] these included James Algar, who was appointed to direct the film,[18] and Mel Shaw, whom Disney commissioned to create concept art.[19] Bodrero and fellow story artist Campbell Grant prepared first storyboards and a Leica reel,[10] which combined story sketches with rough dialogue performed by members of the animation staff.[12] In the following month, the project was put on hold due to the Disney animators' strike,[10] although Shaw, who was relatively indifferent to the politics of the situation, continued to work on styling sketches[20] before leaving the Disney studio to collaborate at a new animation studio with Hugh Harman.[19]

The strike was settled in July 1941, and by October of that year, The Wind in the Willows was put back into production.[21] At the same time, given the box-office underperformance of Pinocchio (1940) and Fantasia (1940), as well as the World War II cutting off the foreign cinema market,[22] Joseph Rosenberg of the Bank of America issued an ultimatum in which he would permit an absolute loan limit of $3.5 million.[23] In return, he ordered Disney to restrict himself to producing animated shorts and to finish features already in production – Dumbo, Bambi, and The Wind in the Willows – but no other feature film would begin work until they had been released and earned back their costs. In response, the studio's feature film productions, including early versions of Alice in Wonderland and Lady and the Tramp, were heavily scaled back.[24] The Wind in the Willows was kept in production, but a few weeks later, after reviewing the animation footage, Disney decided to shelve the project, feeling that "the quality was too far below the standard necessary to be successful on the market." At that time, over 3,000 feet of animation had been done for the film.[25] By January 1942, The Wind in the Willows was officially put on hold.[26]

Return to production[edit]

We started out not co-directing as much as salvaging. Walt [Disney] said, "Let's see what we got there. Put it together, find out what shape it's in, re-shoot the scenes, whatever, and see what it looks like." So we did that, and then he looked at it and said, "It still doesn't hold up," but he had some new ideas of scenes to put in it, and he also wanted it cut down to thirty minutes. We cut it down to thirty minutes and he said, "It's still too long. Cut it down to twenty-five." So we cut out scenes which we really hated to cut out, some of the best ones ... I handed out a lot of scenes, and about that time I got pulled off it to work on Johnny Appleseed.

—Frank Thomas on co-directing The Wind in the Willows with James Algar in 1946[9]

The Wind in the Willows resumed production in October 1943,[10] with Bodrero and Grant reattached and joined by Perce Pearce and Paul Gerard Smith.[27] It was the only feature that Bank of America allowed to proceed during World War II, aside of Peter Pan.[28] Around this same time, Disney considered combining The Wind in the Willows with either The Legend of Happy Valley (a feature that would later evolve into the Mickey and the Beanstalk segment for Fun and Fancy Free) or The Gremlins (an original story developed for Disney by Roald Dahl) into a package film; his brother Roy disapproved this idea, believing that the project would recoup the cost of its production only as a feature film.[29] By February 1944, The Wind in the Willows underwent additional story treatment,[30] but in general, production progressed extremely slowly.[29] In April 1946, after finishing his military service in World War II, Frank Thomas returned to the Disney studio and was assigned to direct additional footage for the film alongside James Algar in hopes of salvaging it.[31] Under Disney's strict orders, the film was shortened down from its original length of 48 minutes[13] to 25 minutes.[9]

The Wind in the Willows was shelved again following layoffs in August 1946,[32] which led to Bodrero and Grant leaving the studio,[33] while Thomas went on to work on Johnny Appleseed segment for Melody Time.[9] However, by October of that year, the film was put back into production,[34] with Ward Kimball, Jack Kinney, Homer Brightman, and Harry Reeves brought in to work out the pace of the story and add more humor and gags to it.[9] In early 1947, Disney also started production on an animated version of Washington Irving's 1820 story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,[35] which was to be co-directed by Kinney and Clyde Geronimi;[36] like The Wind in the Willows, it was originally intended to be a full-length feature.[37] However, by November of that year, Disney decided to pair both productions into a singular package film, titled Two Fabulous Characters,[38] as neither part by that time was long enough to be a feature film.[39] The project was eventually retitled The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad[40] and was scheduled to be released in late 1949.[41]

Casting[edit]

Most of the voices for The Wind in the Willows segment were recorded in 1941, before the United States entered World War II.[9] Disney considered Eric Blore for the role of Mr. Toad as early as when the project was first announced.[42] Blore completed his recording sessions in a few days, receiving about $1,000 for each day.[43] Story artist Campbell Grant provided the voice of Angus MacBadger for an early Leica reel,[12] and ended up recording the final dialogue for the character in 1946.[27] The same reel featured John Dehner as the prosecuting attorney;[12] he was replaced by John McLeish in the final film.[44] The film's music director, Oliver Wallace, was cast as Mr. Winkie,[2] although several sources alternatively cite Alec Harford as the voice of the character.[7][45]

Gracie Fields originally signed on to narrate and sing in The Wind in the Willows segment in July 1946;[46] however, by February 1948, Charles Laughton was sought to provide narration for the segment.[47] In March 1948, it was reported that Bing Crosby had signed on to provide narration for the Sleepy Hollow segment, while Basil Rathbone signed on to providing the narration for The Wind in the Willows segment.[48]

Songs[edit]

The Wind in the Willows[edit]

All lyrics are written by Larry Morey & Ray Gilbert; all music is composed by Frank Churchill & Charles Wolcott

No.TitlePerformer(s)Length
1."The Merrily Song"Eric Blore & J. Pat O'Malley 
2."Auld Lang Syne"Chorus 

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow[edit]

All tracks are written by Don Raye & Gene de Paul

No.TitlePerformer(s)Length
1."Ichabod Crane"Bing Crosby & Jud Conlon's Rhythmaires 
2."Katrina"Bing Crosby & Jud Conlon's Rhythmaires 
3."The Headless Horseman"Bing Crosby & Jud Conlon's Rhythmaires 

Release[edit]

Title card from the original 1949 trailer

The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad was released in theaters on October 5, 1949.[49]

Television airings[edit]

The Mr. Toad segment of The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad was first screened on television, in edited form, as part of the inaugural season of the Disneyland anthology series, on February 2, 1955, under the title The Wind in the Willows.[50] It was paired with an edited version of Disney's The Reluctant Dragon[50] due to the fact that both cartoons are based on stories by author Kenneth Grahame.[51] The Ichabod segment of the film had its television premiere during the following season of TV's Disneyland, on October 26, 1955, under the title The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.[52] Notably, for this airing of Sleepy Hollow and subsequent reruns, a new 14-minute animated prologue was added, recounting the life of Washington Irving, the story's author. This prologue has never been released on home media.

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow was released on its own to theaters as a 33-minute featurette in September 1963.[53] This was the same edit presented on the Disneyland television series, minus the 14-minute prologue and the Walt Disney live-action host segments. Similarly, in 1978, the Wind in the Willows segment of the original film was re-released to theaters under the new title The Madcap Adventures of Mr. Toad to accompany Disney's feature film Hot Lead and Cold Feet.[54]

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow had a subsequent television airing, in truncated form, as part of the TV specials Halloween Hall o' Fame (1977) and Disney's Halloween Treat (1982).

Once it was split into two segments for airing on the Disneyland television series, The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad was not available for viewing in its original form for many years thereafter, but was instead screened as two individual items. When first released on home video, the segments retained their names from the Disneyland series (The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and The Wind in the Willows, respectively), having taken their names from the original stories.

Some of the scenes were cut when the segments were split up for home video release. For example:

  • The Wind in the Willows
    • Part of the introduction was cut because of the new music added. As a side effect, most of the original audio for the introduction was synced incorrectly.
    • The scene where Angus MacBadger confronts the angry townspeople who are suing Toad.
    • The newspaper scene regarding Toad's disgrace was shortened by removing the newspaper articles of his friends' attempts to reopen his case.
    • When Toad realizes he is underwater after unknowingly jumping into a river to elude the police pursuing him, there is a brief full-body scene of Toad frantically trying to pull out the ball-and-chain he is shackled to out of the floor of the river.
  • The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
    • The only thing that was cut was the introduction in the bookcases.

Home media[edit]

The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad received its first complete home video release in the UK in 1991 and in the US in 1992, when it was released by Walt Disney Home Video on VHS and LaserDisc. A subsequent complete release on VHS followed in 1999 as the last title in the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection line.[55] In 2000, it appeared on DVD for the first time as part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection line.[56]

The 1963 theatrical version of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow was released on VHS in 1982, 1990, and 1994. The 1978 theatrical version of The Wind in the Willows was released on VHS in March 1983, 1988, and 1996.[57] This same version of The Wind in the Willows was issued on DVD for the first time in 2009, as part of the fifth volume of the Walt Disney Animation Collection: Classic Short Films series. Both had been released to video separately in the US in the early 1980s as white clamshell releases even though Fun and Fancy Free had been released in its entirety around the same time.

The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad was released on Blu-ray, DVD, Digital HD and in a two-film collection with Fun and Fancy Free on August 12, 2014.[58] It was also released as solely on Blu-ray, DVD and digital copy combo[59] and a stand-alone DVD[60] exclusively to Walmart stores.

The film was available to stream on Disney+ when the service launched on November 12, 2019.[61]

Reception[edit]

Critical reception[edit]

A.H. Weiler of The New York Times praised the film, saying that "Mr. Disney, abetted by his staff, such perfect narrators as Bing Crosby and Basil Rathbone, and a pair of durable literary works, has fashioned a conclave of cartoon creatures, which, by and large, have the winsome qualities and charm of such noted creations as Mickey Mouse, Dumbo, et al."[62] Herman Schoenfeld of Variety felt the film "ranks among the best full-length cartoons turned out by the Walt Disney studios." On The Wind in the Willows, he commented that it "has a subtle, satirical edge on its comedy which will limit its appreciation to adult audiences. The Irving legend, however, is treated with splashes of color and broad strokes of humor and violence that will appeal in a fundamental way to all age groups. Together they comprise a solid package of varied entertainment."[63]

Life magazine wrote that Disney's adaptation of The Wind in the Willows "leaves out the poetry and most of the subtlety, but it still has enough action for the children and wit enough for everybody. It is deft and pleasant, and throughout, ironic and goodhearted. Although the Ichabod part of Ichabod and Mr. Toad is silly and bumbling, Mr. Toad's half is good enough to convince Disney admirers that the old master can still display the bounce and vitality he had before the war."[64] Time magazine overall felt the film was "an uneven doubleheader by Walt Disney, who has combined into one film two dissimilar literary classics." However, they particularly praised The Wind in the Willows, writing, "This lighthearted, fast-moving romp has inspired some of Disney's most inventive draftsmanship and satire." They were less receptive to Sleepy Hollow, writing it was "Disney at his facile best. The rest of the story, dealing with quaint, legendary people, is flat and prosaic."[65]

Disney film historian and film critic Leonard Maltin, writing in his book The Disney Films, wrote that the film was "one of Disney's most beguiling animated features: The Wind in the Willows in particular has some of the finest work the studio ever did." Altogether, he claimed "these sequences form a most engaging feature, with as the saying goes, something for everyone. The half-hour length seems ideal for each of the stories, with neither a feeling of abruptness, nor a hint of padding to reach that length. And somehow the two tales seem to complement each other quite well, providing an interesting contrast, notable in style and execution, and more obviously in the change of narrator."[66] M. Faust of Common Sense Media gave the film five out of five stars, writing, "Two classic stories told in the best Disney style."[67] On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad has an approval rating of 88%, based on 17 reviews, with an average score of 7.4/10. Its consensus states "This Disney two-fer may not be the most reverent literary adaptation, but it's remarkably crafted and emotionally resonant."[68] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[69]

Box office[edit]

The film grossed $1,200,000 in domestic rentals in the United States and Canada. Cumulatively, it earned $1,625,000 in worldwide rentals.[1]

Accolades[edit]

The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Cinematography – Color.[70]

Legacy[edit]

The film has a presence at some of the Disney Parks and Resorts mainly through rides and restaurants. There is a Sleepy Hollow refreshments café themed to The Legend of Sleepy Hollow in Liberty Square at the Magic Kingdom, whilst the story of The Wind in the Willows is present at Toad Hall Restaurant located in Fantasyland at Disneyland Paris. At the Disneyland Resort, Mr. Toad's Wild Ride in Fantasyland at Disneyland Park is themed after Mr. Toad, while the Frightfully Fun Parade during Oogie Boogie Bash features the Headless Horseman at Disney California Adventure Park. The Headless Horseman is also featured in a pre-parade ride during Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party at the Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World.[71][72][73]

The Wind in the Willows is also more prevelantly represented in later Disney media, with occasional appearances made by Toad, Moley, Ratty, MacBadger and the Weasels, notably in Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983).

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Listed in the credits as John Ployardt.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Sedgwick, John (1994). "Richard B. Jewell's RKO Film Grosses, 1929–51: The C. J. Trevlin Ledger: A comment". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 14 (1): 51–8. doi:10.1080/01439689400260041.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Smith, Dave. ""The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad" Movie History". Disney Archives. Archived from the original on March 31, 2010. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
  3. ^ D23
  4. ^ Smith, Dave. "Ichabod Crane Character History". Disney Archives. Archived from the original on April 1, 2010. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
  5. ^ "The Remarkable Mr. Toad". Life. November 21, 1949. p. 65. Retrieved October 13, 2023 – via Google News Archive.
  6. ^ Smith 1996, p. 9.
  7. ^ a b "Winkie". D23. Walt Disney Archives. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
  8. ^ Canemaker 2001, p. 188.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Barrier, Michael (November 21, 2014). "Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston (1987)". MichaelBarrier.com (Interview). Archived from the original on April 22, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d e Ghez 2017, p. 165.
  11. ^ Gabler 2006, p. 283.
  12. ^ a b c d e Barrier, Michael; Gray, Milton (February 13, 2008). "James Bodrero". MichaelBarrier.com (Interview). Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
  13. ^ a b Koenig 1997, p. 69.
  14. ^ Ghez 2019, p. 204.
  15. ^ Harrisen, Paul (October 2, 1940). "Disney Sets 7 Pictures". The Vindicator. p. 10. Retrieved October 15, 2023 – via Google News Archive.
  16. ^ Barrier 2007, p. 180.
  17. ^ Barrier 1999, p. 280.
  18. ^ Barrier 2007, p. 181.
  19. ^ a b Seastrom, Lucas O. (June 17, 2016). ""The Best Education I Ever Had": Mel Shaw at The Walt Disney Studios". Archived from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
  20. ^ Ghez 2019, p. 135.
  21. ^ Barrier 1999, p. 308-309.
  22. ^ "The Disney Studio at War". Walt Disney Family Museum. Archived from the original on October 28, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2023.
  23. ^ Gabler 2006, pp. 375–376.
  24. ^ Gabler 2006, p. 376.
  25. ^ Barrier 1999, p. 309.
  26. ^ Peacock, Bruce (January 24, 1942). "Stage and Screen". The Leader-Post. p. 7. Retrieved October 15, 2023 – via Google News Archive.
  27. ^ a b Ghez 2017, p. 143.
  28. ^ Gabler 2006, p. 490.
  29. ^ a b Gabler 2006, p. 407.
  30. ^ Hopper, Hedda (February 12, 1944). "Both an Idealist and a Practical Fellow Is Walt Disney, Now Making Post-War Plans for His Cartoon 'Shorts'". The Pittsburgh Press. p. 26. Retrieved October 16, 2023 – via Google News Archive.
  31. ^ Canemaker 2001, p. 187.
  32. ^ Barrier 2007, p. 199.
  33. ^ Ghez 2017, p. 144.
  34. ^ Orton Tewson, William (October 22, 1946). "An Attic Salt Shaker". Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. p. 9. Retrieved October 16, 2023 – via Google News Archive.
  35. ^ Gabler 2006, p. 499.
  36. ^ Barrier, Michael; Gray, Milton (March 16, 2015). "Gerry Geronimi (1976)". MichaelBarrier.com (Interview). Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  37. ^ Johnson, Zach (September 30, 2019). "These 5 Fun Facts About The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Will Lift Your Spirits". D23. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  38. ^ Brady, Thomas F. (November 17, 1947). "Disney Announces Two New Projects". The New York Times. p. 27. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
  39. ^ Gabler 2006, p. 458.
  40. ^ Gabler 2006, p. 518.
  41. ^ "Two New Films From Disney". Montreal Gazette. November 18, 1947. p. 11. Retrieved October 22, 2023 – via Google News Archive.
  42. ^ Maltin 1995, p. 91.
  43. ^ Ghez 2012, pp. 112–113.
  44. ^ "McLeish, John". D23. Walt Disney Archives. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  45. ^ Smith 1996, p. 548.
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Bibliography[edit]

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