Contamination delay
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In digital circuits, the contamination delay (denoted as tcd) is the minimum amount of time from when an input changes until any output starts to change its value. This change in value does not imply that the value has reached a stable condition. The contamination delay only specifies that the output rises (or falls) to 50% of the voltage level for a logic high. The circuit is guaranteed not to show any output change in response to an input change before tcd time units (calculated for the whole circuit) have passed. The determination of the contamination delay of a combined circuit requires identifying the shortest path of contamination delays from input to output and by adding each tcd time along this path.
For a sequential circuit such as two D-flip flops connected in series, the contamination delay of the first flip-flop must be factored in to avoid violating the hold-time constraint of the second flip-flop receiving the output from the first flip flop. Here, the contamination delay is the amount of time needed for a change in the flip-flop clock input to result in the initial change at the flip-flop output (Q). If there is insufficient delay from the output of the first flip-flop to the input of the second, the input may change before the hold time has passed. Because the second flip-flop is still unstable, its data would then be "contaminated." Every path from an input to an output can be characterized with a particular contamination delay.
Well-balanced circuits will have similar speeds for all paths through a combinational stage, so the minimum propagation time is close to the maximum. This corresponding maximum time is the propagation delay. The condition of data being contaminated is called a race.
References[edit]
- Tessier, Russell (Fall 2003). "Understanding Sequential Circuit Timing" (PDF). Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
- "Spring 2004 handout L04-4, Computation Structures (class 6.004)" (PDF). MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-12.
- Digital Design and Computer Architecture 2nd edition, David Money Harris and Sarah L. Harris, ISBN 9780123944245, Morgan Kaufmann, 2012
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