Trøndelag

Coordinates: 63°25′37″N 10°23′35″E / 63.42694°N 10.39306°E / 63.42694; 10.39306
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Trøndelag County
Trøndelag fylke
Trööndelagen fylhke
Trondhjems amt  (historic name)
Trøndelag within Norway
Trøndelag within Norway
Coordinates: 63°25′37″N 10°23′35″E / 63.42694°N 10.39306°E / 63.42694; 10.39306
CountryNorway
CountyTrøndelag
DistrictCentral Norway
Established1 Jan 2018
 • Preceded byNord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag counties
Administrative centreSteinkjer
Government
 • BodyTrøndelag County Municipality
 • Governor (2018)Frank Jenssen (H)
 • County mayor
   (2023)
Tomas Iver Hallem (Sp)
Area
 • Total42,202 km2 (16,294 sq mi)
 • Land39,494 km2 (15,249 sq mi)
 • Water2,708 km2 (1,046 sq mi)  6.4%
 • Rank#3 in Norway
Population
 (2021)
 • Total471,124
 • Rank#5 in Norway
 • Density11.9/km2 (31/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
Increase +9.6%
DemonymTrønder[1]
Official language
 • Norwegian formNeutral
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-50[3]
WebsiteOfficial website
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
176978,274—    
1951307,635+0.75%
1960327,127+0.68%
1970350,297+0.69%
1980368,942+0.52%
1990377,202+0.22%
2000389,960+0.33%
2010422,102+0.80%
2020468,702+1.05%
Source: Statistics Norway [1][2][3][4]. 2017 data[4]
Religion in Trøndelag[5][6]
religion percent
Christianity
88.17%
Islam
0.75%
Buddhism
0.24%
Other
10.84%

Trøndelag (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈtrœ̂ndəˌlɑːɡ];[7][8] or Trööndelage (Southern Sami) is a county in the central part of Norway. It was created in 1687, then named Trondhjem County (Norwegian: Trondhjems Amt); in 1804 the county was split into Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag by the King of Denmark-Norway, and the counties were reunited in 2018 after a vote of the two counties in 2016.[9][10]

The largest city in Trøndelag is the city of Trondheim. The administrative centre is Steinkjer, while Trondheim functions as the office of the county mayor.[11] Both cities serve the office of the county governor; however, Steinkjer houses the main functions.[12]

Trøndelag county and the neighbouring Møre og Romsdal county together form what is known as Central Norway. A person from Trøndelag is called a trønder. The dialect spoken in the area, trøndersk, is characterized by dropping out most vowel endings; see apocope.

Trøndelag is one of the most fertile regions of Norway, with large agricultural output. The majority of the production ends up in the Norwegian cooperative system for meat and milk, but farm produce is a steadily growing business.

Name[edit]

The Old Norse form of the name was Þrǿndalǫg. The first element is the genitive plural of þrǿndr which means "person from Trøndelag", while the second is lǫg (plural of lag which means "law; district/people with a common law" (compare Danelaw, Gulaþingslǫg and Njarðarlǫg). A parallel name for the same district was Þróndheimr which means "the homeland (heim) of the þrǿndr".[13] Þróndheimr may be older since the first element has a stem form without umlaut.

The county and national governments have also approved a Sami language name for the county. The spelling of the Sami language name changes depending on how it is used. It is called Trööndelage when it is spelled alone, but it is Trööndelagen fylhke when using the Sami language equivalent to "Trøndelag county".[14] There are also other alternatives for the various Sami dialects that are not exactly the same as the officially adopted name.

History[edit]

People have lived in this region for thousands of years. In the early iron-age Trøndelag was divided into several petty kingdoms called fylki. The different fylki had a common law, and an early parliament or thing. It was called Frostating and was held at the Frosta-peninsula. By some, this is regarded as the first real democracy.

In the time after Håkon Grjotgardsson (838-900), Trøndelag was ruled by the Jarl of Lade. Lade is located in the eastern part of Trondheim, bordering the Trondheimsfjord. The powerful Jarls of Lade continued to play a very significant political role in Norway up to 1030.

Jarls of Lade (Ladejarl) were:

Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim

Trøndelag (together with parts of Møre og Romsdal) was briefly ceded in 1658 to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde and was ruled by king Charles X until it was returned to Denmark-Norway after the Treaty of Copenhagen in 1660. During that time, the Swedes conscripted 2,000 men in Trøndelag, forcing young boys down to 15 years of age to join the Swedish armies fighting against Poland and Brandenburg. Charles X feared the Trønders would rise against their Swedish occupiers, and thought it wise to keep a large part of the men away. Only about one-third of the men ever returned to their homes; some of them were forced to settle in the then Swedish Duchy of Estonia, as the Swedes thought it would be easier to rule the Trønders there, utilising the ancient maxim of divide and rule.[15]

In the fall of 1718, during the Great Northern War, General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt was ordered by king Charles XII of Sweden to lead a Swedish army of 10,000 men into Trøndelag to take Trondheim. Because of his poor supply lines back to Sweden, Armfeldt's army had to live off the land, causing great suffering to the people of the region. Armfeldt's campaign failed: the defenders of Trondheim succeeded in repelling his siege. After Charles XII was killed in the siege of Fredriksten in Norway's southeast, Armfeldt was ordered back into Sweden. During the ensuing retreat, his 6,000 surviving threadbare and starving Caroleans were caught in a fierce blizzard. Thousands of Caroleans froze to death in the Norwegian mountains, and hundreds more were crippled for life.[16]

Traditional Trøndelag house

Government[edit]

The county is governed by the Trøndelag County Municipality. The town of Steinkjer is the seat of the county governor and county administration. However, both the county governor and Trøndelag County Municipality also have offices in Trondheim.

The county oversees the 41 upper secondary schools, including nine private schools. Six of the schools have more than 1000 students: four in Trondheim plus the Steinkjer Upper Secondary School and the Ole Vig Upper Secondary School in Stjørdalshalsen. The county has ten Folk high schools, with an eleventh folk high school being possibly being opened in Røros, with a possible start in 2019.[17]

Districts[edit]

The county is often sub-divided into several geographical regions:

Towns and cities[edit]

There are ten towns/cities in Trøndelag, plus the "mining town" of Røros.

Geography[edit]

Along the coast in the southwest are the largest islands in Norway south of the Arctic Circle, including Hitra and Frøya. The broad and long Trondheimsfjord is a main feature, and the lowland surrounding the fjord are among the most important agricultural areas in Norway. In the far south is the mountain ranges Dovrefjell and Trollheimen, and in the southeast is highlands and mountain plateaus, and this is where Røros is situated. The highest mountain is the 1,985-metre (6,512 ft) tall Storskrymten, which is located in the county border between Møre og Romsdal, Innlandet and Trøndelag. North of the Trondheimsfjord is the large Fosen peninsula, where Ørland is at its southwestern tip. Several valleys runs north or west to meet the fjord, with a river at its centre, such as Meldal, Gauldal, Stjørdal, Verdal. Further north is the long Namdalen with the largest river, Namsen, and Namsos is situated where the river meets the Namsen fjord. The rivers are among the best salmon rivers in Europe, especially Namsen, Gaula, and Orkla. On the northwestern part of the region is the Vikna archipelago with almost 6,000 islands and islets.

There are many national parks in the region, including Dovrefjell–Sunndalsfjella National Park, Forollhogna National Park, Skarvan and Roltdalen National Park, Femundsmarka National Park and Børgefjell National Park.

Climate[edit]

Trøndelag is one of the regions in Norway with the largest climatic variation - from the oceanic climate with mild and wetter winters along the coast to the very cold winters in the southeast inland highlands, where Røros is the only place in southern and central Norway to have recorded −50 °C (−58 °F). The first overnight freeze (temperature below −0 °C (32 °F) in autumn on average is August 24th in Røros, October 9th at Trondheim Airport Værnes, and as late as November 20th at Sula in Frøya.[18] Most of the lowland areas near the fjords have a humid continental climate (or oceanic if -3C is used as winter threshold), while the most oceanic areas along the coast have a temperate oceanic climate with all monthly means above 0 °C (32 °F). The inland valleys, hills, and highlands below the treeline have a boreal climate with cold winters and shorter summers, but still with potential for warm summer temperatures. Above the treeline is alpine tundra.

Climate data for Sula, Frøya 1991-2020 (5 m, extremes 1975-2023)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.3
(50.5)
9.9
(49.8)
12.6
(54.7)
19.3
(66.7)
22.3
(72.1)
27.7
(81.9)
28.3
(82.9)
26.3
(79.3)
22.7
(72.9)
18.8
(65.8)
14.6
(58.3)
11.1
(52.0)
28.3
(82.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.6
(40.3)
4.2
(39.6)
5.2
(41.4)
7.6
(45.7)
10.4
(50.7)
13
(55)
15.6
(60.1)
16.1
(61.0)
13.8
(56.8)
9.8
(49.6)
6.9
(44.4)
5.5
(41.9)
9.4
(48.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.1
(37.6)
2.5
(36.5)
3.2
(37.8)
5.4
(41.7)
8
(46)
10.7
(51.3)
13
(55)
13.7
(56.7)
11.8
(53.2)
8.3
(46.9)
5.5
(41.9)
3.8
(38.8)
7.4
(45.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2)
0.9
(33.6)
1.6
(34.9)
3.5
(38.3)
6
(43)
8.9
(48.0)
11.3
(52.3)
12.2
(54.0)
10.2
(50.4)
6.6
(43.9)
3.7
(38.7)
2.1
(35.8)
5.7
(42.3)
Record low °C (°F) −12.3
(9.9)
−12.7
(9.1)
−8.1
(17.4)
−3.6
(25.5)
−0.3
(31.5)
2.7
(36.9)
5
(41)
7.1
(44.8)
2
(36)
−1.1
(30.0)
−7
(19)
−10.9
(12.4)
−12.7
(9.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 92
(3.6)
75
(3.0)
80
(3.1)
55
(2.2)
46
(1.8)
53
(2.1)
57
(2.2)
74
(2.9)
104
(4.1)
88
(3.5)
108
(4.3)
113
(4.4)
945
(37.2)
Source 1: Norwegian Meteorological Institute[19]
Source 2: NOAA-WMO averages 91-2020 Norway [20]


Climate data for Trondheim Airport Værnes 1991–2020 (12 m, extremes 1946–2020, sunhrs 2016–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.7
(56.7)
13.8
(56.8)
15.7
(60.3)
23.3
(73.9)
27.9
(82.2)
34.3
(93.7)
33.5
(92.3)
31.3
(88.3)
27.9
(82.2)
22.1
(71.8)
16.1
(61.0)
13.1
(55.6)
34.3
(93.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.9
(35.4)
2.0
(35.6)
4.6
(40.3)
9.3
(48.7)
13.8
(56.8)
17.1
(62.8)
19.8
(67.6)
19.1
(66.4)
15.0
(59.0)
9.3
(48.7)
4.7
(40.5)
2.3
(36.1)
9.9
(49.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1
(30)
−1.1
(30.0)
1
(34)
5.1
(41.2)
9.2
(48.6)
12.6
(54.7)
15.2
(59.4)
14.6
(58.3)
11
(52)
5.8
(42.4)
1.7
(35.1)
−0.7
(30.7)
6.1
(43.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.1
(24.6)
−4.1
(24.6)
−2.2
(28.0)
1.4
(34.5)
5.3
(41.5)
8.9
(48.0)
11.4
(52.5)
11.0
(51.8)
7.8
(46.0)
2.9
(37.2)
−1.1
(30.0)
−3.9
(25.0)
2.8
(37.0)
Record low °C (°F) −25.6
(−14.1)
−25.5
(−13.9)
−23.0
(−9.4)
−13.9
(7.0)
−4.7
(23.5)
−0.2
(31.6)
2.3
(36.1)
−0.3
(31.5)
−4.9
(23.2)
−10.8
(12.6)
−19.0
(−2.2)
−23.5
(−10.3)
−25.6
(−14.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 64.6
(2.54)
63.9
(2.52)
61.3
(2.41)
42.1
(1.66)
52.7
(2.07)
76.1
(3.00)
74.4
(2.93)
82.8
(3.26)
88.9
(3.50)
77
(3.0)
64.4
(2.54)
75
(3.0)
823.2
(32.43)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13 13 13 10 11 13 12 13 13 13 11 14 149
Mean monthly sunshine hours 34 71 124 205 236 234 229 167 130 116 46 16 1,608
Source 1: Seklima [21]
Source 2: NOAA-WMO averages 91-2020 Norway [22]

Trøndelag[edit]

There are 38 municipalities in Trøndelag.[23]

Municipal
Number
Name Adm. Centre Location in
the county
Established Old Municipal No.
(before 2020)
Former County
5001 Trondheim Trondheim 1 Jan 1838 5001 Trondheim
5030 Klæbu
Trøndelag
5006 Steinkjer Steinkjer 23 Jan 1858 5006 Steinkjer
5039 Verran
5007 Namsos Namsos 1 Jan 1846 5005 Namsos
5040 Namdalseid
5048 Fosnes
5014 Frøya Sistranda 1 Jan 1964 1620 Frøya Sør-Trøndelag
5020 Osen Steinsdalen 1 June 1892 1633 Osen
5021 Oppdal Oppdal 1 Jan 1838 1634 Oppdal
5022 Rennebu Berkåk 1 Jan 1839 1635 Rennebu
5025 Røros Røros 1 Jan 1838 1640 Røros
5026 Holtålen Renbygda 1 Jan 1838 1644 Holtålen
5027 Midtre Gauldal Støren 1 Jan 1964 1648 Midtre Gauldal
5028 Melhus Melhus 1 Jan 1838 1653 Melhus
5029 Skaun Børsa 1 Jan 1890 1657 Skaun
5031 Malvik Hommelvik 1 Jan 1891 1663 Malvik
5032 Selbu Mebonden 1 Jan 1838 1664 Selbu
5033 Tydal Ås 1 Jan 1901 1665 Tydal
5034 Meråker Midtbygda 1 Jan 1874 1711 Meråker Nord-Trøndelag
5035 Stjørdal Stjørdalshalsen 1 Jan 1902 1714 Stjørdal
5036 Frosta Frosta 1 Jan 1838 1717 Frosta
5037 Levanger Levanger 1 Jan 1838 1719 Levanger
5038 Verdal Verdalsøra 1 Jan 1838 1721 Verdal
5041 Snåsa Snåsa 1 Jan 1838 1736 Snåsa
5042 Lierne Sandvika 1 Jan 1964 1738 Lierne
5043 Røyrvik Røyrvik 1 July 1923 1739 Røyrvik
5044 Namsskogan Namsskogan 1 July 1923 1740 Namsskogan
5045 Grong Medjå 1 Jan 1838 1742 Grong
5046 Høylandet Høylandet 1 Jan 1901 1743 Høylandet
5047 Overhalla Ranemsletta 1 Jan 1838 1744 Overhalla
5049 Flatanger Lauvsnes 1 Jan 1871 1749 Flatanger
5052 Leka Leknes 1 Oct 1860 1755 Leka
5053 Inderøy Straumen 1 Jan 1838 1756 Inderøy
Mosvik
5054 Indre Fosen Årnset 1 Jan 2018 1624 Rissa Sør-Trøndelag
1718 Leksvik Nord-Trøndelag
5055 Heim Kyrksæterøra 1 Jan 2020 1571 Halsa Møre og Romsdal
5011 Hemne
5012 Snillfjord (part)
Trøndelag
5056 Hitra Fillan 1 Jan 1838 5013 Hitra
5012 Snillfjord (part)
5057 Ørland Botngård 1 Jan 1838 5015 Ørland
5017 Bjugn
5058 Åfjord Årnes 1 Jan 1838 5018 Åfjord
5019 Roan
5059 Orkland Orkanger 1 Jan 2020 5012 Snillfjord (part)
5016 Agdenes
5023 Meldal
5024 Orkdal
5060 Nærøysund Kolvereid
and Rørvik
1 Jan 2020 5050 Vikna
5051 Nærøy
5061 Rindal Rindal 1 Jan 1858 1567 Rindal Møre og Romsdal

Other municipalities[edit]

Kristiansund in Møre og Romsdal held a referendum on 17 January 2022 on whether to move from Møre og Romsdal to Trøndelag, which was rejected; 36.77% voted to move, while 63.23% voted to stay.[24] Similar referendums were hosted and rejected the preceding autumn in Aure on 13 September 2021 (45% to move, 51% to stay),[25] and in Smøla on 26 September 2021 (27.24% to move, 70.23% to stay).[26]

Bindal in Nordland was originally decreed by Stortinget on 8 June 2017 to become part of Nærøysund (and thus become part of Trøndelag),[27] but the decision was reversed after another hearing on 21 November 2017,[28] well in advance of Nærøysund becoming a municipality on 1 January 2020.

Culture[edit]

Arts[edit]

The region's official theatre is the Trøndelag Teater in Trondheim.[29] At Stiklestad in Verdal, the historical play called The Saint Olav Drama has been played each year since 1954. It depicts the last days of Saint Olaf.

Jazz on a very high level is frequently heard in Trondheim, due to the high-level jazz education in Trondheim at Institutt for musikk (NTNU). Trondheim is also the national centre of rock music; the popular music museum Rockheim opened there in 2010. Trøndelag is known for its local variety of rock music, often performed in local dialect, called "trønderrock".

Several institutions are nationally funded, including the internationally acclaimed Trondheim Symphony Orchestra, Trondheim Soloists, Olavsfestdagene and Trondheim Chamber Music Festival.

Food and drink[edit]

The region is popularly known for its moonshine homebrew, called heimbrent or heimert. Although officially prohibited, the art of producing as pure homemade spirits as possible still has a strong following in parts of Trøndelag. Traditionally the spirit is served mixed with coffee to create a drink called karsk. The strength of the coffee varies, often on a regional basis. The mixing proportions also depend on the strength of the spirit with more coffee being used for spirit with higher alcohol content. In southern regions, people tend to use strong filter coffee, while in the north they typically serve karsk with as weak coffee as possible.

The "official dish" of the region is sodd which is made from diced sheep or beef meat and meatballs in boiled stock.

Sports[edit]

Association football and handball are widely played and watched throughout the county. As of 26 January 2024, teams in tier 1 through 3 in men's football include Rosenborg BK, Ranheim Fotball, Levanger FK, IL Stjørdals-Blink, and Strindheim IL. Tier 1 through 3 in women's football include Rosenborg BK Kvinner, KIL/Hemne, and Tiller IL.

In men's handball, tier 1 and 2 include Kolstad Håndball, Melhus IL, and Charlottenlund SK, while in women's handball, tier 1 and 2 include Byåsen HE and Levanger Håndballklubb.

Fosenhallen outside Botngård in southwestern Fosen, is Norway's only full-size speed skating hall north of Hamar. While the hall has never hosted a top level senior ISU Speed Skating World Cup event, it has frequently hosted Norwegian championships and junior world tour events.

The final two stages of the 2022 Arctic Race of Norway were held within the county, as were the Norwegian road racing championships in 2010, 2017, and 2022. Trondheim is also the starting point of the Styrkeprøven ≥500km endurance road race held most years since 1967, which heads down European route E6 through Trøndelag until Hjerkinn, after which point the race heads down to Oslo or just north of Oslo.

Hitra and Frøya compete in the Island Games, though Norwegian press coverage outside the islands about their participations are virtually non-existent.

Agriculture[edit]

Grey Troender sheep, a breed which originated in Trøndelag

Trøndelag is covered with fertile lands, especially the lowlands surrounding the Korsfjord, Trondheimsfjord, Borgenfjord, and Beitstadfjord. Trøndelag is the third largest county in Norway by agricultural land with its 1789sqkm,[30] and has the second highest meat-output with a total of almost 75 000 tonnes in 2022.[31] The county also houses the most milking-cows, and thereby has the highest milk output,[32] with Steinkjer Kommune producing the most.[33]

In 2018 Trøndelag was the largest provider of beef, chicken, milk and eggs, outputting 21.1% of all milk production, and 18.9% of all beef, 28.7% of all chicken, 23.5% of all eggs, 13.2% of cereals and 23.2% of all hay produced in Norway. Trøndelag is very much a rural county, housing merely 8.7% of Norway's population.[34]

Domestic Breeds[edit]

Trøndelag is the origin of multiple animal breeds, the best known being Grey Troender sheep and Sided Troender cattle (STN).

Sided Troender cattle, as the name implies, is a white cow with coloured sides. It is based on "Rørosfe" from the Røros area, but later merged with the less standardized Nordland cattle. Together they are viewed as one breed with roots in both Trøndelag and Nordland, and has been since the 1920s. The breed standards are based on the original Trønder standards rather than the looser Nordland standards, with some cows being red, prioritizing black sides on hornless white cows. These are the traits most reminiscing of the old "Rørosfe".[35]

Red Troender cattle is a now extinct breed based on the Scottish Ayrshire cattle. This domestic breed of horned red cows was mixed into extinction in the 1960s, and is now succeeded by Norwegian Red Cattle (NRF).[36]

Tautra sheep (Tautersau) was a breed of sheep from the island Tautra, which was and still is heavily populated by monks, who have held sheep since the 11th century.[37] It is thought that the breed is a fork of Spanish Merino sheep brought to Norway by monks during the 1500s. This theory has little written evidence to support it, which may be explained by Spains monopoly on Merino sheep until the 1800s, and export of the breed was punishable by death. Another theory is that the fine wool-features come from Moroccan sheep that were left on some islands outside Frøya. The presence of Moroccan sheep on Tarva was documented in 1757, and they are thought to have been brought inland. What is known for certain is that Hertfordshire Ryelander rams were imported in the late 1700s to mate with the local Tautra sheep. The Norwegian government held a breeding station on Edøy, that was laid to waste by invading forces during WWII. Despite a couple of desentralized breeding stations the population was too low, and to prevent inbreeding it was mixed, amongst others with Old Norwegian Sheep, to improve the quality of other breeds.

Grey Troender sheep is an endangered domesticated breed counting only 50 specimens in the year 2000. The crossbreeding to create the Grey Troender started in the late 1800s with heavy influence from Old Norwegian Sheep and Tautra Sheep.[38] To protect this breed the government subsidises breeders. By 2011 the population had grown to 1200, whereof 500 are fertile ewes, distributed among 35 herds, and efforts are being made to revive the breed..The Committee on Farm Animal Genetic Resources has collected and frozen 3500 sperm-samples for future breeding.

Troender Rabbit (Trønderkanin) Is the only domestic Norwegian breed of rabbit. The breed was very popular during WWII as it grew fast and provided a fair amount of meat. Interest in the breed tapered off in the 1970s, and the population was as low as 40 specimens in the 1990s. The population in 2017 was around 80 specimens.f[39]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  2. ^ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. ^ Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (2023-01-26). "Kommunenummer". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget.
  4. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå (2020). "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian).
  5. ^ "Statistics Norway - Church of Norway". Archived from the original on July 16, 2012.
  6. ^ "Statistics Norway - Members of religious and life stance communities outside the Church of Norway, by religion/life stance. County. 2006-2010". Archived from the original on 2011-11-02. Retrieved 2011-08-09.
  7. ^ Berulfsen, Bjarne (1969). Norsk Uttaleordbok (in Norwegian). Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co (W Nygaard). p. 336.
  8. ^ Vanvik, Arne (1985). Norsk Uttaleordbok: A Norwegian pronouncing dictionary (in Norwegian and English). Oslo: Fonetisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo. p. 311. ISBN 978-8299058414.
  9. ^ Hofstad, Sigrun (2016-04-27). "Her bankes det for et samlet Trøndelag". NRK (in Norwegian).
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