Chrysler flathead engine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chrysler Flathead engine
Overview
ManufacturerChrysler Corporation
Also calledChrysler Sidevalve engine
Production1924–1964
Layout
ConfigurationSide-valve
Cylinder block materialCast iron
Cylinder head materialCast iron
Combustion
Fuel systemCarburetor
Fuel typeGasoline
Chronology
Successor

The Chrysler flathead engine is a flathead automotive engine manufactured by the Chrysler Corporation from 1924 through the early 1960s. The flathead engine came in four-,six-, and eight-cylinder configurations and varying displacement, with both a cast iron and cast aluminum cylinder head. It was installed in Chrysler, DeSoto, Dodge and Plymouth branded vehicles.

Straight-4[edit]

Chrysler introduced a straight-four in 1926 when the Maxwell Motor Corporation was re-organised into the Chrysler Corporation in 1925.[1] Initially used by Chrysler, the straight-four was fitted to Plymouth cars and Dodge light trucks beginning in 1929, lasting in production through 1933.

The original version displaced 185.8 cu in (3,044 cc) and produced 38 hp (28 kW). This was only produced in 1926, with displacement reduced to 170.3 cu in (2,791 cc) for 1927 and 1928. Power was initially rated the same but was upped to 45 hp (34 kW) during the 1928 model year.

After the introduction of the Plymouth brand in 1929, the base engine has been subjected to a major redesign and enlarged to 175.4 cu in (2,874.3 cc) with the power rating remaining the same. It also equipped Dodge light trucks in 1929–1930. It was enlarged again to 196.1 cu in (3,213 cc) in 1930 with 48 hp (36 kW). The engine was revised for 1931 with 56 hp (42 kW) and 1932 with 65 hp (48 kW) for Plymouth only, Dodge continued with the 48 hp (36 kW) from 1931 to 1933. A small-bore version was developed for export markets in 1931, with a narrower bore which brought the RAC rating down from 21 to 15.6 hp. For 1932 the bore was reduced further, bringing the tax horsepower rating to just beneath 15.5.

Chrysler did not offer a four-cylinder engine again until 1981 with the Chrysler 2.2 & 2.5 engine used in the Chrysler K platform.

Displacement Year(s) Horsepower Applications Bore Stroke
186 cu in (3,044 cc) 1926 38 Chrysler model F-58 3+58 in (92.1 mm) 4+12 in (114.3 mm)
170 cu in (2,791 cc) 1927 38 Chrysler Series 50 4+18 in (104.8 mm)
1928 38-45 Chrysler Series 52
1928 45 Plymouth Model Q
175 cu in (2,875 cc) 1929 45 Plymouth U 4+14 in (108.0 mm)
1929 45 Dodge 1/2 Ton
1930 45 Dodge U1-A/B/C
196 cu in (3,213 cc) 1930 48 Plymouth 30U 4+34 in (120.7 mm)
1931 56 Plymouth PA
1931 48 Dodge UF-10, U1-B/C
1932 65 Plymouth PB
1932 48 Dodge E, UF-10, U1-B/C
1933 48 Dodge UF10, UG20/21
146 cu in (2,388 cc) 1931 n/a Plymouth PA (export model, 89 built)[2] 3+18 in (79.4 mm)
144 cu in (2,364 cc) 1932 n/a Plymouth PB (export model, 58 built)[2] 3+764 in (79.0 mm)

Straight-6[edit]

The 218-cubic-inch flathead six as used in a 1951 Plymouth Cranbrook

The first six-cylinders was the B-Model (seven main bearings) and introduced in 1924 with the first Chrysler Corporation production, the B70.[1] An upscale version designated E-Model equiped the new Chrysler Imperial E80 in 1926, and a downscale one named H-Model followed in 1927 (Chrysler Series 70). After the purchase of Dodge Brothers Inc. in 1928, Chrysler Corporation had five straight-6s in production with the addition of the Victory and Senior Dodge Brothers engines.[1]

So, with the introduction of the new Desoto brand in 1929, came a new and cheaper to product six cylinders, the K-Model (four main bearings, deep skirts).[1] By mid-1930, it partially replaced the previous engines in varying displacements on passenger cars, in conjunction with an all-new straight-8 block. Only the Imperial's engine remains in production for the Dodge Trucks[1] 2-ton Models F-40 & K-50, 3-ton models F-60 & K-70, 2 & 3-ton Special, buses from 1930 to 1934-35. To replace these two engines, a new and very large six cylinders was launched in late 1936 (331 cu. in.). The 1956 C-3 Series was the last to use this big straight-6 (413 cu. in.).

In 1932, the Ford's V8 flathead launch shook up the market. The demand for larger engines was even for entry-level brands. A new straight-6 for Plymouth (PC/PD) and Dodge (DP/DQ) came in production in 1933 (shallow skirt, known as the "23 in block", with a head desk length of 580 mm), followed by a larger variant for Desoto (S3) and Chrysler Royal C16) in 1937 ("25 in block" – 640 mm), marking the K-Model end. There is one exception to this: when Chrysler established an engine foundry in Windsor, Canada in 1938, it was decided to only use the long block for all Canadian-built engines. These engines received a trailing "C" in their designation, becoming P8C for example. Thanks to judicious dimensioning, the Canadian 201- and 218-cubic inch engines had nearly identical displacement to their American cousins.[3]

Beginning in 1938, the 201 cu in (3,299 cc) inline-six was used in Massey Harris's Model 101 tractor (later known as the 101 Super). It continued to be used by Massey until 1940, when it was supplanted by the 218 cu in (3,568 cc).[4] In 1940, Chrysler's 242 cu in (3,966 cc) straight six went into Massey's 201 Super, which lasted until 1942.[4]

During World War II, the 251 cu in (4,107 cc) flathead six was used as the basis for the Chrysler A57 multibank tank engine.[5]

The last automotive use of the Chrysler flathead inline-six was in 1968. It was replaced by the much more efficient OHV Slant-6 released in 1960, which appeared in most Dodge trucks starting in 1961. According to the Standard Catalog of American Light-Duty Trucks, the Dodge Power Wagon WM300 used the 251 inline flathead six until 1968, after which the Dodge WM300 was dropped for the 1969 production year. The flathead remained in production until the early 1970s for industrial and agricultural use.[citation needed]

Displacement Years Horsepower Applications Bore Stroke
201 cu in (3,301 cc) 1924-1925 68 Chrysler B-70 Six 3 in (76.2 mm) 4+34 in (120.7 mm)
289 cu in (4,730 cc) 1926 92 Chrysler Series E-80 3+12 in (88.9 mm) 5 in (127.0 mm)
1927-1928 92 Chrysler Series 80
219 cu in (3,582 cc) 1926 68 Chrysler Model G-70 3+18 in (79.4 mm) 4+34 in (120.7 mm)
1927 68 Chrysler Series 70
1930 75 Chrysler Series 70 (early)
1930 68 Chrysler Series 66 (late)
1931 68 Chrysler Series 66
180 cu in (2,954 cc) 1927 54 Chrysler Series 60 3 in (76.2 mm) 4+14 in (108.0 mm)
1928 54 (std.)
60 (opt.)
Chrysler Series 62
175 cu in (2,867 cc) 1929 55 DeSoto Series K 4+18 in (104.8 mm)
1930 57 DeSoto Series K
1932 n/a Chrysler Richmond (CIX; UK only)
1933 n/a Chrysler Richmond (COX; UK only)
190 cu in (3,111 cc) 1930-1932 61 Dodge Series DD 3+18 in (79.4 mm)
1933 70 Dodge Series DQ (CDN/export)
1930-1931 60 DeSoto Series CK
1933 70 (std.)
76 (opt.)
Plymouth PC/PCXX/PD
161 cu in (2,633 cc) 1930 n/a DeSoto Series CK (UK) 2+78 in (73.0 mm)
1930 n/a Dodge Series DD (UK)[6]
1931-1932 n/a DeSoto Series SAX (export, late cars sold as "Chrysler Light Six")[7]
1933 n/a Plymouth PC/PD/Chrysler Kew/Wimbledon (export models, 651 built)[8]
196 cu in (3,205 cc) 1929 65 (std.)
72 (opt.)
Chrysler Series 65 3+18 in (79.4 mm) 4+14 in (108.0 mm)
1930 62 Chrysler Series 66 (until Feb. 1930, longer in UK)
1930-1931 62 Chrysler Series CJ
201 cu in (3,299 cc) 1938 n/a Plymouth P5/P6 (Canada-made, late introduction) 3+38 in (85.7 mm) 3+34 in (95.3 mm)
1938 n/a Dodge Series D9/D10 (Canada-made, late introduction)
1939 n/a Plymouth P7/P8 (Canada-made)
1939 n/a Dodge Series D12/D13 (Canada-made)
201 cu in (3,299 cc) 1933 75 (std.)
81 (opt.)
Dodge Series DP 3+18 in (79.4 mm) 4+38 in (111.1 mm)
1934 77 Dodge Series DT (CDN/export)
77 (std.)
82 (opt.)
Plymouth PE/PF/PFXX/PG
Chrysler Wimbledon (UK)
1935 82 Dodge Series DV/DV-6 (CDN/export)
Plymouth Model PJ
Chrysler Wimbledon (UK)
1936 82 Dodge Series D-3/D-4 (CDN/export)
Plymouth P1/P2
Chrysler Wimbledon (UK)
1937 82 Dodge Series D6/D7 (CDN/export)
82 (std.)
65 (Economy)
Plymouth P3/P4
Chrysler Kew/Wimbledon (UK)
70 Plymouth PT50 (commercials)
1938 82 Dodge Series D9/D10 (CDN/export)
82 (std.)
65 (Economy)
86 (opt.)
Plymouth P5/P6
Chrysler Kew/Wimbledon (UK)
70 Plymouth PT57 (commercials)
1939 82 Dodge Series D12/D13 (export)
82 (std.)
86 (opt.)
Plymouth P7/P8
Chrysler Kew/Wimbledon (UK)
70 Plymouth PT81 (commercials)
1940 84 (std.)
87 (opt.)
Plymouth P9/P10
79 Plymouth PT105 (commercials)
1941 87 (std.)
92 (opt.)
Plymouth P11/P12
82 Plymouth PT125 (commercials)
170 cu in (2,793 cc) 1931 n/a Dodge Series DH (UK)[6] 2+78 in (73.0 mm)
1931-1932 n/a Chrysler CMX (UK, from Aug. 1931)
1932-1933 n/a DeSoto SCX/Chrysler Mortlake (UK)
1933 n/a DeSoto SDX/Chrysler Wimbledon (UK)
1933 n/a Dodge Series DP Victory (UK)
1934 n/a Dodge Series DR Victory (UK)
1934 n/a Plymouth PE/PF (export models)[9]
Chrysler Kew/Wimbledon (UK)
1935 n/a Dodge Series DU Victory (UK)
1935 n/a Plymouth PJ (export models, 754 built)
Chrysler Kew (UK)
1936 n/a Dodge Series D-2 Victory (UK)
1936 n/a Plymouth P1/P2 (export models, 661 built plus 35 Dodge D-3/D-4)
Chrysler Kew (UK)
1937 n/a Plymouth P3/P4 (export models, 657 built plus 39 Dodge D6)
Chrysler Kew (UK)
1938 n/a Plymouth P5/P6 (export models)
81 Dodge D9X, a D8X appears in parts manuals)
Chrysler Kew (UK)
1939 n/a Plymouth P7/P8 (export models, 273 built plus 38 Dodge D12 and some DeSoto-badged P8s)
Chrysler Kew (UK)
1940 70 Plymouth P9 (export models, one built)
205 cu in (3,365 cc) 1931-1932 67 DeSoto Series SA 3+14 in (82.6 mm) 4+18 in (104.8 mm)
208 cu in (3,409 cc) 1927-1928 58 Dodge Standard Six (140/141/J)
Dodge Victory Six (130/131/M)
3+38 in (85.7 mm) 3+78 in (98.4 mm)
1929-1930 63 Dodge Series DA
212 cu in (3,467 cc) 1931 68 Dodge Series DH 3+14 in (82.6 mm) 4+14 in (108.0 mm)
1932 74 Dodge Series DH
218 cu in (3,568 cc) 1931 78 Chrysler Series CM-6 4+38 in (111.1 mm)
1932 78 Chrysler Series CM-6
1932 75 DeSoto Series SC
1932 79 Dodge Series DL
1933 82 DeSoto S-All
1934 82 Dodge Series DR/DRXX
87 Dodge Series DR (opt.)/DS (std.)
1935 87 Dodge Series DU
1936 87 Dodge Series D2
1937 87 Dodge Series D5
1938 87 Dodge Series D8
1939 87 Dodge Series D11/D11S
1940 87 Dodge Series D14/D17
Dodge Series D15 (US-made for export)
1941 91 Dodge Series D19
Dodge Series D20 (US-made for export)
1942 95 Plymouth S-All
1942 95 Dodge Series D23 (US-made for export)
1946-1949 95 Plymouth S-All
1949 97 Plymouth S-All
1950 97 Plymouth S-All
1951 97 Plymouth S-All
1952 97 Plymouth S-All
1953 100 Plymouth S-All
1954 100 Plymouth S-All (Early)
218 cu in (3,573 cc) 1939 n/a Dodge D11 (Canada-made) 3+38 in (85.7 mm) 4+116 in (103.2 mm)
1940 84.25 Dodge Series D14/D15 (Canada-made)
1940 n/a Plymouth P9/P10 (Canada-made)
1941 88 Dodge Series D20/D21 (Canada-made)
1941 88 Plymouth P11/P12 (Canada-made)
1942 95 Dodge Series D23 (Canada-made)
1942 88 Plymouth P14 (Canada-made)
224 cu in (3,671 cc) 1927-1928 60 Dodge Senior Six (Series 2249) 3+14 in (82.6 mm) 4+12 in (114.3 mm)
1928 68 Dodge Senior Six (Series 2251/2252)
1932 82 Chrysler Series CI
Chrysler Kingston (UK)
1933 83 (std.)
89 (opt.)
Chrysler Series CO
Chrysler Kingston (UK)
228 cu in (3,738 cc) 1937 93 DeSoto Series S-3
Chrysler Richmond (UK; 1937–1938)
3+38 in (85.7 mm) 4+14 in (108.0 mm)
1937 93 (std.)
100 (opt.)
Chrysler Series C-16
1938 93 (std.)
100 (opt.)
DeSoto Series S-5
1939 DeSoto Series S-6
1940 100 (std.)
105 (opt.)
DeSoto Series S-7
1941 100
105
110
DeSoto Series S-8 DeLuxe
DeSoto Series S-8 Custom
DeSoto Series S-8 (optional)
230 cu in (3,772 cc) 1942 105 Dodge Series D22 3+14 in (82.6 mm) 4+58 in (117.5 mm)
1946-1949 102 Dodge S-All
1949 103 Dodge S-All
1950 103 Dodge S-All
1951 103 Dodge S-All
1952 103 Dodge S-All
1953 103 Dodge S-D-46, D-47
1954 110 Plymouth S-All (from February 26[10])
1954 110 Dodge S-All I-6
1955 117 Plymouth S-All I-6
1955 123 Dodge S-Coronet I-6
1956 125 Plymouth S-all exc Fury, Belvedere cvt
1956 131 Plymouth O-all exc Fury, Belvedere cvt
1956 131 Dodge S-Coronet I-6
1957-1958 115 Chrysler Royal/Chrysler Plainsman AP1 (AUS-made)
1957 132 Plymouth S-All exc Fury, Belvedere, cvt
1957 138 Dodge S-Coronet I-6
1958 132 Plymouth S-All exc Fury, Belvedere cvt
1958 138 Dodge S-Coronet I-6
1959 132 Plymouth S-Savoy, Belvedere, Suburban exc. Custom 9P, Fury, Sport Fury
1959 138 Dodge S-Coronet I-6
237 cu in (3,878 cc) 1942 115 DeSoto Series S-10 3+716 in (87.3 mm) 4+14 in (108.0 mm)
1946-1949 109 DeSoto S-All
1949 112 DeSoto S-All
1950 112 DeSoto S-All
242 cu in (3,958 cc) 1929 78 Dodge Series S 3+38 in (85.7 mm) 4+12 in (114.3 mm)
1929-1930 78 Dodge Series DB
1934 100 DeSoto Series SE (aka Chrysler CY/Croydon, until 1936 in UK)
1934 93 (std.)
100 (opt.)
Chrysler Series CA/CB
1935 93 DeSoto Series SF
100 DeSoto Series SG
1935 100 Chrysler O-C-6
1935 93 Chrysler S-C-6
1936 93 DeSoto Airstream Series S-1
100 DeSoto Airflow Series S-2
1936 93 (std.)
100 (opt.)
Chrysler Series C-7
1938 95 (std.)
102 (opt.)
Chrysler Series C-18
1939 100 (std.)
107 (opt.)
Chrysler Series C-22
1940 108 (std.)
112 (opt.)
Chrysler Royal/Windsor
1941 108
112
115 (opt.)
Chrysler Royal
Chrysler Windsor
Chrysler Royal/Windsor
249 cu in (4,078 cc) 1928 75 (std.)
85 (opt.)
Chrysler Series 72 3+14 in (82.6 mm) 5 in (127.0 mm)
1929 75 (std.)
84 (opt.)
Chrysler Series 75
251 cu in (4,106 cc) 1942 120 Chrysler Royal/Windsor (C-34) 3+716 in (87.3 mm) 4+12 in (114.3 mm)
1946-1949 114 Chrysler Royal/Windsor (C38)
1949 116 Chrysler Royal/Windsor (C45)
1950 116 Chrysler Royal/Windsor (C48)
1951-1952 116 DeSoto Deluxe/Custom (S15)
1951 116 Chrysler Windsor, Deluxe (C51)
1953 116 DeSoto Powermaster (S18)
1954 116 DeSoto Powermaster (S20)
1957-1958 117 Chrysler Royal/Chrysler Plainsman AP1 (AUS-made)
1958-1959 117 Chrysler Plainsman AP2 (AUS-made)
1958-1960 117 Chrysler Royal/Chrysler Wayfarer AP2 (AUS-made)
1960-1961 117 Chrysler Wayfarer AP3 (AUS-made)
1960-1964 117 Chrysler Royal AP3 (AUS-made)
264.5 cu in (4,334 cc) 1952 119 Chrysler Windsor, Deluxe (C51) 3+716 in (87.3 mm) 4+34 in (120.7 mm)
1953 Chrysler Windsor, Deluxe (C60)
1954 Chrysler Windsor Deluxe (C62)
268 cu in (4,398 cc) 1930-1932 93 Chrysler Series 70 3+38 in (85.7 mm) 5 in (127.0 mm)
1930 Chrysler Series 77
289 cu in (4,730 cc) 1926 92 Chrysler Imperial Series E-80 3+12 in (88.9 mm)
1927 Chrysler Imperial Series 80
310 cu in (5,074 cc) 1928 100 (std.)
112 (opt.)
Chrysler Imperial Series 80L 3+58 in (92.1 mm)
1929-1930 Chrysler Imperial Series L-80
331 cu in (5,430 cc) 1937-1940 100 Dodge ML/RL-50/53,
Dodge MK/RK-60/63,
Dodge RX-70/71,
Dodge DB8,
Dodge VL/VLA-50,
Dodge VK/VKA-60/63
3+34 in (95.3 mm) 5 in (127.0 mm)
1940-1942 110 Dodge DC8, DD-8
Dodge WK, WL
1946-1953 128 (std.) Dodge WK/WR,
Dodge B-1-T/TA/V/VA,
Dodge B-2/3/4-T/TL/TA/TAL,
Dodge B-2/3/4-V/VL/VA/VAL,
Dodge B-1/2/3-VX,
Dodge DE/DF/DG-8/9,
Dodge DH-9/10
1951-1953 145
(2 carb. opt.)
Dodge B-2/3/4-T/TL/TA/TAL,
Dodge B-2/3/4-V/VL/VA/VAL,
Dodge B-1/2/3-VX,
Dodge DG-8/9, Dodge DH-9/10
282 cu in (4,615 cc) 1946-1947 115 Dodge WJ 4+14 in (108.0 mm)
1948-1949 115 Dodge B-1-R/RA/RS,
Dodge DE-7
306 cu in (5,022 cc) 1950-1953 122 (std.) Dodge B-2/3/4-R/RL/RA/RAL/RS,
Dodge DF/DG-7, DH-8
4+516 in (109.5 mm)
1951-1953 137
(2 carb. opt.)
Dodge B-2/3/4-R/RL/RA/RAL/RS,
Dodge DG-7, DH-8
377 cu in (6,178 cc) 1950-1953 154 std.
w/2 carb.
Dodge B-2/3/4-Y/YA/YX 4 in (101.6 mm) 5 in (127.0 mm)
413 cu in (6,771 cc) 1954-1956 171 std.
w/2 carb.
Dodge C-1-Y/YA/YX,
Dodge DH-11/12,
Dodge C-3-Y6/YL6/YA6/YAL6/YX6/YXL6
4+116 in (103.2 mm) 5+516 in (134.9 mm)

Straight-8[edit]

The 323.5 cuin straight-eight in a 1937 Chrysler Airflow

The new in-line 8-cylinder engine is largely based on the six-cylinder engine that appeared on the Desoto Model K. It has five main levels, the central one being wider.[1] When the engineers had to rebore the cylinders to 3-1/2 inches, the space between each pair of cylinders was modified. This applies to all blocks with the same bore.

In the case of the Imperial (CG, CH) then Custom imperial (CL, CW), a new and unique straight-8 engine was created with 9 main bearings and equiped with a two-barrel downdraft carburetor. From the CW model, the cylinder head is made of aluminium. It also powered the Dodge Trucks G-80 models (1931-1934) and Fargo buses (1930-1932).[1]


Displacement Years Horsepower Applications Bore Stroke
208 cu in (3,404 cc) 1930-1931 70 DeSoto Series CF 2+78 in (73.0 mm) 4 in (101.6 mm)
221 cu in (3,617 cc) 1930-1932 75 Dodge Series DC (discontinued September 1931) 4+14 in (108.0 mm)
1931-1932 77 DeSoto Series CF
240 cu in (3,938 cc) 1931-1932 84 Dodge Series DG 3 in (76.2 mm)
1931 80 Chrysler Series CD (until January 1931)
261 cu in (4,273 cc) 1931 88 Chrysler Series CD (from January 1931) 3+18 in (79.4 mm)
274 cu in (4,486 cc) 1933 90 (std.)
98 (opt.)
Chrysler Series CT 3+14 in (82.6 mm) 4+18 in (104.8 mm)
1935 105 (std.)
110 (opt.)
Chrysler Series CZ
1936 Chrysler Series C-8
1937 110 (std.)
115 (opt.)
Chrysler Imperial Series C-14
282 cu in (4,622 cc) 1931 100 Chrysler DeLuxe CD Series 4+14 in (108.0 mm)
1932 100 Chrysler Series CD
1932 90 (std.)
100 (opt.)
Dodge Series DK
1933 100 (std.)
94 (opt.)
Dodge Series DO
299 cu in (4,894 cc) 1932 100 Chrysler Series CP (Chrysler Hurlingham in the UK) 4+12 in (114.3 mm)
1933 100 (std.)
108 (opt.)
Chrysler Imperial Series CQ
1934 122 Chrysler Series CU
1938 110 (std.)
122 (opt.)
Chrysler Series C-19
Dodge Custom Eight (UK)[11]
324 cu in (5,302 cc) 1934 130 Chrysler Imperial/Custom Imperial Series CV/CX 4+78 in (123.8 mm)
1935 115 (std.)
120 (opt.)
Chrysler Series C-1
130 (std.)
138 (opt.)
Chrysler Imperial Series C-2/C-3
1936 115 Chrysler Series C-9
130 Chrysler Imperial Series C-10/C-11
1937 130 (std.)
138 (opt.)
Chrysler Imperial Custom/Airflow Series C-15/C-17
1938 130 (std.)
138 (opt.)
Chrysler Custom Imperial Series C-20
1939 130 Chrysler Series C-23
132 (std.)
138 (opt.)
Chrysler Series C-24
1940 132
135
143 (opt.)
Chrysler C-27
Chrysler C-26
Chrysler C-26/C-27
1941 137 Chrysler C-30
140 Chrysler C-30 (opt.)/C-33
1942 140 Chrysler C-36/C-37
1946-1950 135 Chrysler Saratoga/New Yorker
385 cu in (6,306 cc) 1931-1932 125 Chrysler Series CG 3+12 in (88.9 mm) 5 in (127.0 mm)
1932 125 Chrysler Imperial/Custom Imperial CH/CL
1933 125 (std.)
135 (opt.)
Chrysler Custom Imperial CL
1934-1935 150 Chrysler Custom Imperial Series CW

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Weertman, Willem L. Chrysler Engines, 1922-1998. Warrendale, PA: SAE International. ISBN 978-0-7680-1642-0.
  2. ^ a b Lee, John (1990). Standard Catalog of Chrysler, 1924-1990. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, Inc. p. 367. ISBN 0-87341-142-0.
  3. ^ Lee, p. 375
  4. ^ a b Pripps, Robert N. (2001). The big book of Massey tractors. Vancouver: Raincoast Books. ISBN 1-55192-423-4. OCLC 46991918.
  5. ^ Berndt, Thomas (1993). Standard Catalog of U.S. Military Vehicles. Krause Publications. p. 193. ISBN 0-87341-223-0.
  6. ^ a b Sedgwick, Michael; Gillies, Mark (1989). A-Z of Cars of the 1930s. Bideford, Devon, UK: Bay View Books. p. 70. ISBN 1-870979-38-9.
  7. ^ Sedgwick, p. 69
  8. ^ Lee, p. 368
  9. ^ Lee, p. 370
  10. ^ Zavitz, R. Perry (1990). "The Postwar Plymouths Changing Personalities From Staid to Flashy". In Lee, John (ed.). Standard Catalog of Chrysler, 1924-1990. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, Inc. p. 119. ISBN 0-87341-142-0.
  11. ^ Sedgwick, p. 72